Archive for the ‘SMT Technology’ Category

What is FR4 material in PCB? – Best Technology

星期五, 12 7 月, 2024

FR4 is a commonly used material in the printed circuit boards (PCBs) manufacturing. If you’re in the electronics field, you’ve likely heard of it. It is the footstone of a circuit board, provides good mechanical strengthen and electrical insulation properties. Today, we will share informational about FR4 material, its types, advantages and alternatives. Keep reading if you are interested in.

What is FR4 material in PCB? - Best Technology

What does FR4 stand for?

FR4 stands for “Flame Retardant 4”, also called FR-4 Epoxy Glass Cloth by PCB manufacturers. It is not a material name, but a material grade, so there are many types of FR-4 grade materials used in general circuit boards. But most are composites made with so-called Tera-Function epoxy resins plus fillers and glass fibers. FR4 is made from woven glass-reinforced epoxy resin. The typical composition of FR4 includes approximately 60% glass fabric and 40% epoxy resin by weight.

This composite material is known for its high mechanical strength and flame-retardant properties. The “4” in FR4 signifies the level of flame retardancy. It means the material is resistant to catching fire, which is critical in preventing electrical fires in electronic devices.

What are the classifications of FR4 materials?

FR4 materials are classified based on various properties and specifications to cater to different applications and requirements. These classifications help in selecting the right type of FR4 material for specific PCB needs. Here are the primary classifications of FR4 materials:

1. Standard FR4

Standard FR4 is the most commonly used classification. It offers a good balance of electrical insulation, mechanical strength, flame retardancy, and cost-effectiveness. Standard FR4 materials have a glass transition temperature (Tg) typically around 130°C to 140°C. They are suitable for general-purpose PCBs used in consumer electronics, industrial controls, and telecommunications equipment.

2. High Tg FR4

High Tg FR4 materials are designed for applications requiring higher thermal performance. These materials have a higher glass transition temperature, usually above 170°C. High Tg FR4 is used in applications where the PCB is exposed to higher temperatures, such as automotive electronics, aerospace, and high-power devices. The increased Tg provides better stability and performance at elevated temperatures. This is the high Tg FR4 PCB that we made before.

3. Low Dk FR4

Low Dk (Dielectric Constant) FR4 materials are used in high-frequency applications where signal integrity is crucial. So, we called it as “High-frequency FR4”. These materials have a lower dielectric constant, which reduces signal loss and improves signal transmission. Low Dk FR4 is often used in RF and microwave circuits, where maintaining signal integrity is essential.

4. High CTI FR4

High CTI (Comparative Tracking Index) FR4 materials have an improved resistance to electrical tracking. These materials are used in applications where the PCB is exposed to high voltages and harsh environments. High CTI FR4 provides better insulation and reduces the risk of electrical failure due to tracking.

5. Halogen-Free FR4

Halogen-free FR4 materials are designed to meet environmental and safety requirements by eliminating halogens. Which can be harmful if released during PCB manufacturing or disposal. These materials are used in applications where reducing environmental impact is a priority. Halogen-free FR4 offers similar performance to standard FR4 but without the use of halogenated flame retardants.

Benefits of using FR4 as PCB material

Excellent Electrical Insulation
High Mechanical Strength
Flame Retardancy
Moisture Resistance
Cost-Effectiveness
Thermal Stability
Ease of Fabrication

Properties of FR4 material

Property	Parameter
Vertical flexural strength	Normal State: E-1/150, 150±5℃≥340Mpa
Parallel layer impact strength	≥230KJ/m
Insulation resistance after water immersion (d-24/23)	≥5.0×108Ω
Vertical electrical strength	≥14.2MV/m
Parallel layer breakdown	≥40KV
Relative Dielectric Constant (50hz)	≤5.5
Relative Dielectric Constant (1mhz)	≤5.5
Dielectric Loss Factor (50hz)	≤0.04
Dielectric Loss Factor (1mhz)	≤0.04
Water Absorption (D-24/23, 1.6mm Thickness)	≤19mg
Density	1.70-1.90g/cm³
Flammability	FV0

What is the Difference Between IMS and FR4 PCB?

IMS (Insulated Metal Substrate) and FR4 PCBs serve different purposes. IMS PCBs are designed for applications requiring efficient heat dissipation. They have a metal base layer that helps manage heat more effectively than FR4. This makes IMS ideal for high-power applications like LED lighting.

On the other hand, FR4 PCBs are used in general electronic applications due to their balance of performance and cost. While IMS excels in thermal management, FR4 is preferred for its electrical properties and versatility.

What is the Cost of FR4 PCB Per Square Inch?

The cost of an FR4 PCB can vary based on several factors. These include the board’s thickness, the number of layers, and the complexity of the design. On average, the cost per square inch of FR4 PCB ranges from $0.10 to $0.50. However, this is a rough estimate. For a precise quote, it’s best to contact PCB manufacturers with your specific requirements. If you are searching for a PCB supplier, Best Technology is here to waiting for you.

Why is Rogers Better Than FR4 Material?

Rogers material is often considered superior to FR4 in high-frequency applications. Here are some key reasons why Rogers might be chosen over FR4.

Lower Dielectric Loss
Higher Thermal Conductivity
Improved Dimensional Stability
Consistent Dielectric Constant
Superior Performance in High-Frequency Applications
Compliance with Stringent Industry Standards

What Material is Similar to FR4?

Several materials are similar to FR4 and can be used as alternatives. One such material is CEM-1, which is also a composite material made from epoxy and fiberglass. It offers good mechanical strength and electrical properties but is less flame retardant than FR4.

Another alternative is polyimide, known for its excellent thermal stability and flexibility. It is often used in applications requiring high-temperature resistance. However, polyimide is more expensive than FR4. For specific applications, materials like PTFE (Teflon) can also be considered, especially in high-frequency applications.

FAQs

1. Can FR4 be used in high-temperature applications?

FR4 can withstand moderate temperatures, but for high-temperature applications, materials like polyimide are preferred.

2. Is FR4 environmentally friendly?

FR4 is not biodegradable but can be recycled to some extent. Proper disposal and recycling methods should be followed.

3. How does the thickness of FR4 affect PCB performance?

The thickness of FR4 can impact the board’s mechanical strength and thermal dissipation. Thicker boards offer more durability but may also increase the cost.

4. Are there any disadvantages to using FR4?

FR4 has limitations in high-frequency and high-temperature applications. It is also less effective in thermal management compared to materials like IMS.

5. Can FR4 PCBs be used in flexible circuits?

FR4 is rigid and not suitable for flexible circuits. For flexible applications, materials like polyimide are used. But recently, Best Technology developed a new product called “semi-flexible FR4 PCB”, its flex area is made by FR4 material.

Is FR4 RoHS Compliant?

Yes, FR4 is RoHS compliant. This means that it meets the regulations set by the European Union to limit the use of specific hazardous materials found in electrical and electronic products.

What is FR4 Tg?

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of FR4 is a critical property that indicates the temperature at which the material transitions from a hard, glassy state to a soft, rubbery state.

Best Technology excels not only in PCB and assembly manufacturing, but also in offering top-quality PCB design services. Our professional engineering team is ready to support your innovation across various industries, including communications, healthcare, industrial, and consumer electronics. We welcome all the questions or inquiries from you.

What is a Bill of Materials (BOM)?

A Bill of Materials (BOM) is a detailed list of all the parts, components, and materials needed to manufacture a product. In PCB manufacturing, a BOM outlines every item required to assemble a PCB, including quantities, part numbers, and descriptions. It serves as a guide to ensure that the manufacturing process runs smoothly and that no crucial components are missing.

Types of Bill of Materials

There are several types of BOMs used in different stages of production. Each type serves a specific purpose and provides unique details to streamline processes and ensure accuracy. Here are the primary types of BOMs:

Engineering BOM

This type of BOM is creating during the design phase. It lists all the parts and components designed by the engineering team, including specifications and relationships as intended in the final product. And of course, it mainly used by design engineers to communicate the product structure and details to manufacturing teams.

Manufacturing BOM (Formal)

It is a formal BOM files that used in the assembly phase. Different with engineering BOM, it includes additional details necessary for manufacturing, such as packaging, handling instructions and assembly details. And some special instructions.

Sales BOM

Sales BOM is used by sales teams and includes information relevant to the sales process, such as pricing and availability. It helps in providing accurate quotes, managing customer expectations, and handling sales orders efficiently.

What Should Include in an Effective Bill of Materials?

An effective BOM should be detailed, accurate, and easy to understand. It should include all the details of components and indicated revisions. As a 18 years expertise in PCBA production, we summarized the key elements that should be included in the BOM.

Component details

It should include all the components and their detailed information, such as names, part numbers (PN), and descriptions for each part.

Quantity (QTY)

The exact quantity of each component required for the product. Accurate quantities can prevent shortages and overstocking.

Foot print

It is the package of each component, helping to ensure the correction of part.

Reference Designators

Unique identifiers that match each component to its specific location on the product layout. These are essential for assembly and troubleshooting.

Manufacturer Information

Manufacturer information, including the manufacturer name of components and manufacturer part number. It helps to ensure correct parts are sourced. And convenient for alternative part sourcing if it is shortage.

Supplier information (Optional)

It means the name of the supplier or distributor. The part number used by the supplier, which may differ from the manufacturer’s part number.

Assembly instructions

Any special notes for assembly such as DNF remark, and version control to track revisions should also be included. Additionally, cost information helps in budgeting, and lifecycle status information helps plan for component availability and avoid discontinued parts.

How to Make a PCB Bill of Materials (BOM)?

Creating a PCB BOM is a systematic process that involves compiling all the necessary information about each component required for the assembly of the PCB. Here’s a detailed guide on how to create a PCB BOM:

Open a Blank Spreadsheet

Use software like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets to start with a blank spreadsheet. They are common to use, offering flexibility and ease of use for creating and managing BOMs.

Define Columns

Set up your spreadsheet with appropriate column headers. Common headers include:

Part Number
Component Name
Quantity
Reference Designator
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Part Number
Supplier
Supplier Part Number
Description
Package Type
Cost
Notes

Input Data

Enter the required details for each component under the appropriate headers. Please be make sure that all information is accurate and complete. This may involve referencing design files, datasheets, and supplier catalogs. If it is incorrect, then it needs a lot of time to find out and revise the errors, resulting in schedule delay.

Use Formulas

Utilize Excel formulas to automate calculations, such as summing total quantities or calculating costs. This helps in reducing manual errors and saves time.

Format for Clarity

Use cell formatting options to highlight important information and ensure the spreadsheet is easy to read. For example, you can use bold text for column headers, color coding for different component types, and borders to separate sections.

Include Version Control

Add a version control section to your BOM to track revisions and updates. This can be a simple row at the top or bottom of the spreadsheet, indicating the version number, date of revision, and a brief description of changes.

How to Make a BOM? — (BOM file reference)

Save and Update

Save your BOM and update it regularly to reflect any changes in the design or component availability. Regular updates ensure that the BOM remains accurate and up-to-date, preventing issues during production.

Review and Verify

Have multiple team members review the BOM for accuracy. Cross-check all component details, quantities, and part numbers against the design files. Verification helps catch errors early and ensures the BOM is reliable.

Communicate with Suppliers:

Maintain open communication with suppliers to confirm component details and availability. This ensures that you can source the correct parts and avoid delays in the production process.

How Can I Optimize My BOM for PCB Assembly?

Sometimes, a simple BOM is not good to process PCB assembly process, and manufacturers may need to spend a lot of time to optimize it, make into convenient for manufacturing. If you are a layman, here are some steps to help you in optimizing your BOM file.

First, it’s a good idea to standardize components where possible. Using standard parts that are readily available from multiple suppliers can simplify procurement and reduce costs. This approach minimizes the risk of shortages and ensures you can get parts quickly and affordably. Also, make sure all entries in your BOM are clear and concise to avoid confusion during assembly. Double-checking part numbers and quantities against design files is crucial to prevent errors that could lead to rework or delays.

Building strong relationships with your suppliers is another key factor. Good communication with suppliers helps ensure reliable component availability and keeps you informed about any changes in lead times or part availability. Regularly updating your BOM to reflect any design changes or component availability issues is essential. Keeping your BOM current and accurate prevents last-minute surprises during assembly.

What Common Mistakes Should I Avoid When Creating a PCB BOM?

Avoiding common mistakes in BOM creation can save time and reduce errors. Here are some pitfalls to watch out for:

Incomplete information – ensure all necessary details are included for each component.
Incorrect quantities – double-check quantities to avoid shortages or excess inventory.
Outdated data – keep the BOM updated with the latest design changes and component information.
Ambiguous descriptions – provide clear and precise descriptions to prevent confusion.
Lack of version information – implement version control to track changes and ensure the correct BOM version is used.

Creating an effective and accurate PCB BOM is essential for smooth manufacturing and assembly. By following best practices and using the right tools, you can ensure your BOM is comprehensive, clear, and up-to-date, ultimately leading to a successful PCB production process.

Best Technology is an expert in SMT and PCB assembly, we have more than 18 years in this industry, that can offer you a best experience of PCBA solution. In our facotry, we have advanced equipment like full auto pick and place machine, online dual AOI, X-ray, 3D SPI, nitride reflow oven and three-proof paint machine. So that we can ensure the fast lead time and high quality of your PCBA products. Reach us to get a instant quote!

What is A Printed Circuit Board (PCB)?

A Printed Circuit Board is a fundamental component in modern electronics, providing the physical and electrical connections for various electronic components. It consists of multiple compositions, including a non-conductive substrate, conductive pathways, and insulating layers, which facilitate the complex circuitry required in contemporary devices. A PCB can be made into single sided PCB, double sided PCB and multilayer PCB.

PCBs are integral to the functionality of a wide range of electronic products, from consumer gadgets like smartphones and computers to industrial machinery, medical devices, and aerospace systems. The advanced design and manufacturing processes involved in PCB production ensure high reliability and performance, making them essential in virtually all electronic applications.

PWB Vs. PCB: What Are the Manufacturing Process Differences?

Basic manufacturing process of PCB

Design and Layout

PCBs are designed using sophisticated computer-aided design (CAD) software. Designers create detailed layouts, specifying the placement of components, conductive pathways, and vias (interlayer connections). The design is converted into Gerber files, a standard format for PCB fabrication that contains all the necessary information for manufacturing. These files are essential for ensuring precision and accuracy during the manufacturing process.

Material Preparation

The substrate, typically FR4 (fiberglass epoxy laminate), is prepared. FR4 is known for its excellent mechanical strength and thermal stability, making it an ideal base material for PCBs. Copper sheets are laminated onto the substrate, which will form the conductive pathways after the etching process. This preparation stage is crucial for creating a reliable foundation for the PCB.

Printing the Circuit Pattern

A photoresist, a light-sensitive material, is applied to the copper-clad substrate. The board is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light through a mask that defines the circuit pattern. The UV light hardens the photoresist in the exposed areas. The board is then developed in a chemical solution that removes the unexposed photoresist, revealing the copper to be etched away. This step accurately transfers the circuit design onto the board.

Etching

The board is immersed in an etching solution, commonly ferric chloride or ammonium persulfate, which removes the unprotected copper, leaving only the desired circuit pattern. This etching process is crucial for defining the conductive pathways on the PCB, ensuring that the correct connections are made according to the design specifications.

Drilling

Precision drilling machines are used to create holes for through-hole components and vias. These holes are then cleaned to remove any debris that could affect electrical connectivity. Drilling is a critical step in the PCB manufacturing process as it ensures proper placement and connection of components across different layers of the board.

Plating

The drilled holes are plated with copper to create electrical connections between the layers, which is especially important for multilayer PCBs. Additional layers of plating, such as nickel or gold, may be applied to improve conductivity and protect against oxidation. This plating process enhances the durability and performance of the PCB.

Solder Mask Applying

A solder mask is applied to protect the copper traces from oxidation and prevent solder bridges between closely spaced solder pads. The solder mask is exposed to UV light and then developed to reveal the solder pads. This layer not only protects the PCB but also improves its appearance and reliability.

Silkscreen Printing

A silkscreen layer is printed on the board to add text, component labels, and other identifiers. This layer helps in the identification and assembly of components, making it easier for technicians to work with the PCB during the manufacturing and repair processes.

Surface Finishing

Generally, a layer of surface finishing is coated on the PCB to protect its surface, it also called surface treatment. The common surface treatments are HASL-LF, ENIG, ENEPIG, OSP, Immersion Silver/Tin. Of course, different treatment offers different function, like OSP is to protect surface from oxidation, HASL-LF provides a good solderability, ENEPIG make sure the chemistry corrosion. Choose a suitable one according to your specific demands.

Assembly and Testing

Components are placed on the board using automated pick-and-place machines, and soldered using techniques like reflow soldering for surface-mount devices (SMD) and wave soldering for through-hole components. The finished PCB undergoes various tests, such as automated optical inspection (AOI), electrical testing, and functional testing, to ensure quality and performance. Want see the whole manufacturing process of a multilayer PCB, click here: Manufacturing Process of Multi-layer PCB.

What is the definition of Printed Wiring Board (PWB)?

A Printed Wiring Board is a term historically used to describe a type of circuit board that focuses primarily on the layout and wiring of electronic connections rather than the overall circuit functionality. PWBs emphasize the physical arrangement of conductive paths to connect various components but do not necessarily include all the integrated features found in modern PCBs.

This term was more prevalent during the earlier stages of electronic development, where the primary concern was establishing reliable electrical connections. As technology advanced, the term PCB became more common, reflecting the expanded capabilities and comprehensive role of these boards in forming complete electronic circuits. Despite being less common today, understanding the term PWB is crucial for historical context and certain niche applications.

How to Manufacture A Printed Wiring Board (PWB)?

Design and Layout

PWBs typically have simpler designs focused on wiring patterns rather than complex circuitry. In some cases, the layout may be done manually or using basic design software.

Material Preparation

Simpler substrates such as phenolic or epoxy resins may be used for PWBs. Copper sheets are laminated onto the substrate to form the conductive pathways. These materials are cost-effective and suitable for applications where advanced performance characteristics are not required.

Printing the Wiring Pattern

Similar to PCBs, a photoresist is applied to the copper-clad substrate. The board is then exposed to UV light through a mask and developed to reveal the copper to be etched away. This process creates the wiring pattern necessary for connecting electronic components.

Etching

The board is immersed in an etching solution to create the wiring pattern. This step is straightforward compared to the more intricate etching processes used in PCB manufacturing, reflecting the simpler requirements of PWBs.

Drilling

Holes for through-hole components are drilled, but the process may not require the precision needed for complex PCBs. This basic drilling process is adequate for the less demanding applications of PWBs.

Plating (if necessary)

Plating is done to ensure electrical connectivity but may not involve advanced techniques like those used for multilayer PCBs. It suffices for the simpler construction of PWBs.

Solder Mask Application

A basic solder mask may be applied to protect the wiring pattern. This layer provides sufficient protection for the relatively simple designs of PWBs, preventing short circuits and oxidation.

Silkscreen Printing

A simple silkscreen layer may be added for component identification. This helps in the assembly process but does not require the detailed labeling often necessary for PCBs.

Assembly and Testing

Components are manually or semi-automatically placed on PWBs and soldered using standard techniques. Basic electrical testing is conducted to ensure functionality. This simpler assembly and testing process aligns with the less complex nature of PWBs.

Which Kind of Materials used in PCB and PWB?

Substrate Materials

FR4 (fiberglass epoxy laminate) is the most common substrate material for PCBs due to its excellent mechanical strength and thermal stability. Phenolic resin, used in PWBs for simpler applications, is less durable and has lower thermal stability compared to FR4, but it is cost-effective and suitable for basic electronic devices. Polyimide is used for flexible PCBs due to its high flexibility and thermal resistance, making it ideal for applications requiring bending and flexing, such as wearable electronics and flexible displays.

Conductive Materials

Copper is the primary conductive material for both PCBs and PWBs. It is used to create the conductive pathways and pads, providing excellent electrical conductivity and reliability. Gold, nickel, and silver are used for plating to enhance conductivity and protect against oxidation, primarily in PCBs. These materials improve the durability and performance of the PCB by providing a reliable contact surface for soldering and component connections.

Insulating Materials

Prepreg, a fiberglass cloth impregnated with resin, is used in multilayer PCBs to bond the layers together. Prepreg provides mechanical strength and electrical insulation between the layers. Dielectric materials are used between layers in multilayer PCBs to provide electrical insulation, maintaining signal integrity and preventing short circuits.

Solder Mask Materials

Liquid Photo Imageable (LPI) solder mask is the most common type used in PCBs, providing excellent protection and durability. LPI solder masks are applied using a photolithographic process, ensuring precise coverage and protection. Dry film solder mask is used for simpler applications and PWBs. This type of solder mask is less expensive and easier to apply but may not offer the same level of protection as LPI solder masks.

Key differences between PCB and PWB

Feature	PCB (Printed Circuit Board)	PWB (Printed Wiring Board)
Design and Layout	Designed using sophisticated CAD tools for complex circuitry, including detailed simulation and optimization.	Simpler designs focused on wiring patterns, often done manually or with basic software.
Layer Count	Can have multiple layers (e.g., double-sided, multilayer) to support intricate circuit designs.	Generally single or double-sided, less commonly multilayer.
Component Types	Supports surface-mount technology (SMT) and through-hole technology (THT) components.	Primarily supports through-hole technology (THT) components.
Signal Integrity	Designed to maintain high signal integrity, minimizing electrical noise and interference.	Basic signal integrity management, sufficient for simple applications.
Flexibility and Rigidity	Includes both rigid and flexible PCBs, allowing for a wide range of applications.	Typically rigid, not commonly used in flexible applications.
Terminology and Usage	Universally used in the industry to refer to boards that integrate all necessary components to form complete circuits. Also called “bare board”.	Universally used in the industry to refer to boards that integrate all necessary components to form complete circuits.
Industry Standards	Recognized by standards organizations like IPC, IEC, and ANSI with specific performance and quality criteria.	Covered under broader standards but with fewer specific guidelines due to limited modern use.
Cost and Efficiency	Higher cost due to advanced materials and processes, offering superior performance and reliability.	More cost-effective for simple applications, but with limited performance and reliability.
Applications	Used in consumer electronics, industrial equipment, medical devices, aerospace, and defense.	Historically used in simpler electronic devices and early computers, still relevant in niche applications.

(Summary Differences: PCB VS PWB)

Other Terms Related to PWB and PCB

Based on the PCB and PWB, you may still hear about CCA, PCA, PWA during the PCB working. These terms are also related to printed circuit board. Here is a detailed explanation of each:

Printed Wiring Assembly (PWA)

PWA is the abbreviation for printed wiring assembly. This is an archaic term that was once used to describe what we now refer to as PCB assembly or PCBA. Although it is less common today, understanding this term is useful for historical context and when dealing with older documentation.

Circuit Card Assembly (CCA)

CCA stands for circuit card assembly. It is essentially the same thing as PCBA, where the PCB is assembled with all necessary components to create a functional unit. CCA is a less frequently used term compared to PCBA but is still recognized in certain industries and contexts.

Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA)

PCBA is the abbreviation for printed circuit board assembly. When the PCB is assembled with all its electronic components by SMT technology, it is called PCBA or PCB assembly. Since a change in terminology in 1999, PCBA has become the standard term used for all assembled circuit boards. From users to technical committees, PCBA is the preferred term for referring to assembled boards. The assembly process involves placing and soldering components onto the PCB, making it a functional electronic circuit.

Printed Circuit Assembly (PCA)

PCA stands for printed circuit assembly, which is another term for PCBA. Like CCA, PCA is not commonly used in modern terminology but refers to the same concept of an assembled printed circuit board.

In a word, whatever for PWB, PCB, or circuit cards, they are refer to bare printed circuit boards (bare boards). While PCA, CCA, PWA, and PCBA refer to assembled circuit boards. Among these terms, PCB and PCBA are the most widely used in both industry and technical documentation.

This is the end of this introduction of PWB and PCB, welcome to contact us if you want more about PCB knowledge.

What are active and passive components meaning?

Active and passive components, simply say, the device that needs an energy (electrical) source is called an active device, and the device that does not need an energy source is a passive device. Active components, such as transistors and diodes, require external power to function. They can control the flow of electricity. Passive components, like resistors and capacitors, do not need external power. They cannot control electrical flow but can store, resist, or filter energy. Both passive and active components are common useful in PCB assembly and SMT technology.

Active components play a dynamic role in circuits. They can amplify signals, switch currents, and perform various complex functions. These components rely on an external power source to operate and influence the behavior of the circuit. For instance, a transistor can amplify a weak signal, making it stronger and more useful for further processing.

What Are the Differences Between Active and Passive Components?

Passive components, on the other hand, are more static in nature. They cannot amplify signals or control current flow but are essential for other functions like energy storage and signal filtering. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are common examples. Each of these components has a specific role in maintaining the stability and functionality of an electronic circuit.

What are the key differences between active and passive components?

The main difference between active and passive components is their ability to control electricity. Active components can amplify signals and perform complex tasks. Passive components can only store, resist, or filter energy. They cannot amplify signals or control current.

Active components are energy-dependent. They require an external source of power to function and can influence the flow of electricity within the circuit. For example, an integrated circuit (IC) can perform multiple functions like amplification, switching, and signal modulation, all of which require external power.

Passive components, in contrast, do not require an external power source. They can only perform their functions passively. For instance, a resistor can limit the current flowing through a circuit without needing additional power. Similarly, a capacitor can store electrical energy and release it when needed, all without external energy input.

Common active components in electronics

Active devices are the main components of electronic circuits. From the physical structure, circuit function and engineering parameters, active devices can be divided into discrete devices and integrated circuits.

1. Discrete devices

Bipolar transistor, generally referred to as transistor or BJT
Field effective transistor
Thyristor
Semiconductor resistors and capacitors – resistors and capacitors manufactured by integrated technology are used in integrated circuits.

2. Integrated circuit

Integrated circuit can be divided into analog IC and digital IC. Analog integrated circuits mainly deal with continuous analog signals, such as sound, light, temperature, etc., and retain the continuity and accuracy of the signal through amplification, filtering, mixing and other operations. In contrast, digital integrated circuits are used to process discrete time digital signals, convert the signal into binary digital form, and then perform logical operations and processing.

Basic analog integrated circuit devices generally include:

Integrated operational amplifier (operation amplifier)
Comparator
Logarithmic and exponential amplifiers
Multiplier/divider
Analog switching circuit (analog switch)
Phase lock loop
Integrated voltage regulator
Reference source
Wave-form generator
Power amplifier

Digital integrated circuit including:

Logic gate circuit
Flip-flop
Register
Decoder
Data comparator
Driver
Counter
Shaping circuit
Programmable Logic Device (PLD)
Microprocessor (MPU)
Microcontroller (MCU)
Digital signal processor (DSP)

Common passive components in electronics

Passive devices in electronic systems can be divided into circuit components and connection components according to the circuit functions they play. These components are essential for functions like energy storage, filtering, and impedance matching in electronic circuits. The common passive components are including:

Circuit components

Diode
Resistor
Resistor network
Capacitor
Inductor
Transformer
Relay
Key
Speaker
Switch

Connection components

Connector
Socket
Cable
PCB (printed circuit board)

Why are active components crucial in modern electronics?

The ability of active components to control and manipulate electrical signals makes them indispensable in a wide range of applications.

In computers, for example, active components such as processors and memory chips perform complex calculations and store large amounts of data. In communication systems, active components amplify weak signals, making long-distance transmission possible. Without these amplifiers, the signal would decay with distance, leading to a decline in communication quality. Power electronics, another key area of modern development, relies heavily on active components. Devices like power converters, inverters, and motor controllers use transistors and integrated circuits to efficiently convert and control electrical energy. This efficiency is crucial for applications ranging from renewable energy systems to electric vehicles.

It’s fair to say that without active components, devices like computers, smartphones, and TVS wouldn’t function the way they do today, and our era of big data wouldn’t be moving as fast as it is today.

How do passive components complement active components?

Both active and passive components are indispensable in a circuit. They depend on each other and complement each other. Without active components, the circuit cannot be activated or perform a specific work. Without passive components, the circuit cannot be controlled and adjusted, nor can it achieve a stable operating state. Such a relationship between the two is like the relationship between the “dynamic” and the “static” of a circuit.

For example, in an audio amplifier circuit, the power supply and amplifier are the active components, and the load and resistance are the passive components. The power supply provides energy, the amplifier amplifies the signal, and controls and limits it through load and resistance, and finally realizes the amplification and regulation of the audio signal. In signal processing, inductors filter out high-frequency noise and protect sensitive active components from interference. Transformers, on the other hand, enable efficient power transfer between different parts of the circuit, allowing active components to operate within their optimal voltage range.

Comparing the Energy Requirements of Active and Passive Elements

Active components need an external power source to function. They consume energy during operation. Passive components do not need external power and generally do not consume energy, except for minor resistive losses. This difference impacts the design and efficiency of electronic circuits.

Active components, such as transistors and integrated circuits, rely on external power to operate. This power requirement means that active components consume energy during their operation. The amount of energy consumed depends on the specific component and its application. For instance, a power amplifier consumes more energy than a simple transistor switch.

Passive components, in contrast, do not need external power to function. They operate solely based on the electrical energy present in the circuit. Resistors, capacitors, and inductors do not consume significant energy, except for minor resistive losses in resistors. This low energy requirement makes passive components more efficient in certain applications.

The difference in energy requirements between active and passive components impacts the overall efficiency of electronic circuits. Designers must carefully balance the use of active and passive components to achieve optimal performance and energy efficiency. For example, using passive filters instead of active ones can save energy in low-power applications.

Active and Passive Component Images and Symbols

Recognizing symbols are essential for reading and designing circuit diagrams. They provide a visual representation of the components and their functions, helping designers understand the overall structure and operation of the circuit. Recognizing these symbols is a fundamental skill for anyone involved in electronics. Here is a detailed images and symbols listing of common active and passive components.

Above all is the introduction to passive and active components, hope it is useful for every engineers. Best Technology is a professional PCB and PCBA manufacturer in Asia. We have our own factory in China and Vetnam. Welcome to contact us if you have any questions about components and PCB assembly.

What Are Electronic Components?

Electronic components are fundamental building blocks used in the construction of electronic circuits and systems. These components manipulate electrical signals to perform specific functions in electronic devices. Based on their purpose and functionality, electronic components can be categorized into two major types: passive components and active components.

Passive electronic components mainly include resistors, capacitors, inductors, power filters, and so on. They do not have active operational functions such as amplification or signal control. Instead, passive components can only consume or store electrical energy. In electronic systems, their main roles include signal transmission, distribution, filtering, isolation, and other similar functions.

Active electronic components, on the other hand, include transistors, field-effect transistors (FETs), integrated circuits (ICs). Unlike passive components, active components have the ability to actively amplify, control, and manipulate signals related to current, voltage, frequency, and more. They play a crucial role in electronic systems, enabling active operations and functionalities.

What Is the Functionality of Common Components on PCB?

On an assembled circuit board (PCBA), we can see various of components on its surface. Different components play its unique role and have different function. Here we will introduce the function of common components.

Resistor

A resistor is a component used to restrict the flow of electric current. Its purpose is to control the magnitude of current by adjusting its resistance value, ensuring appropriate current adjustment within the circuit.

Capacitor

The capacitor has the ability to store charge and release it when needed. Its function is to smooth power supply voltage, stabilize current, and in some cases, perform signal filtering to accomplish signal conditioning. Resistors and capacitors are two common types of electronic components.

Diode

Diode is a type of component with unidirectional conductivity. The uses of diode enable to allow current to flow in one direction while blocking reverse current. It is commonly used in power supplies, rectifiers, and other circuits.

Transistor

A transistor functions in amplification and switching in a printed circuit board. Its role is to amplify electronic signals, control the flow of current, and it is widely used in circuits such as amplifiers and logic gates.

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Integrated circuit is a very important components in those small size circuits, because it can integrate multiple functional circuits onto a single chip. That means it can save space if your design has limited space, enhance system performance and reliability of devices. Integrated circuits find widespread applications in areas such as computers, communication systems, and embedded systems.

Inductor

The working principle of inductor is similar to a capacitor, but the different is an inductor has the ability to store and release energy while capacitor is to store and release charge. Its main function is to accomplish energy conversion and distribution in a circuit. Inductors are commonly used in circuits for filtering, power supplies, and more.

Variable Resistor

A variable resistor allows for the adjustment of resistance and it always used for modifying circuit characteristics by changing the resistance value. Variable resistors are commonly used in circuits for functions like volume control, light intensity adjustment and some other devices that need to adjust the resistance.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

LED chips is a component that we can see everywhere need to light up. It converts electrical energy into light energy. Its function includes emitting light for indicators, illumination, and it is widely used in circuits such as display screens and indicator lights.

Power Module

Power module is always designed to provide the electrical energy required by a circuit. Using power to stabilize output voltage and current, protecting the circuit from external power fluctuations.

Sensor

A sensor can perceive physical quantities or signals in the surrounding environment and convert them into electrical signals. Its function is to enable interaction between the circuit and the external environment. Sensors find wide applications in areas such as automatic control, the Internet of Things (IoT), and more.

In summary, the various components on a circuit board have their specific roles, work in conjunction with each other, and collectively achieve the functionality and objectives of the circuit. Understanding the functions of these components allows for a better grasp of the working principles of circuit boards, providing reference and guidance for the design and maintenance of electronic products.

However, for some reasons, inspect the components before PCB assembly is the main method that ensures the reliability of a PCBA. In our next post, we will share how to make the incoming inspection for electronic components, leave your messages if you are interested in it.

What affects the cost of a PCB?

Drives the cost of PCBs are numerous, we can see from the PCB itself, for example, circuit board substrate materials, the external factors such as the manufacturing difficulties, the whole order quantities and some other special requirements that from designers.

Here, we listing some basic parameter factors which drives the whole cost of a PCB.

PCB substrate material

The substrate of PCB board refers to the material used in the non-conductor part of the circuit board, mainly FR4, glass fiber, epoxy resin, polyimide, copper, aluminum and so on. In the PCB manufacturing, glass fiber is widely used in the manufacture of double-sided circuit board and multi-layer board, while epoxy resin and polyimide are used in the manufacture of high-density multi-layer board. Among them, copper substrate is most expensive material. No matter what kind of materials, all of them shall be calculated according to the real-time international price.

PCB size (panel and single pcs)

PCB size will determine the price of PCBs, this is for sure. Generally speaking, with a same number of PCB layers, the smaller the PCB size, the cheaper the cost. Because during calculating cost, vendors will consider the utilization rate of raw materials. Make sure the highest utilization, the cost for both purchaser and vender will be best. The raw material of PCBs is commonly 1200mm*1200mm, or 1220mm for special specifications, when the utilization achieves 90% or above, this is the best.

So, how to improve the utilization of raw materials? Normally, manufacturers will optimize the working files (WF) from single size to panel size, and then material will be cut according to the panel files. But if the panel size is not suitable, then there will be a lot of waste edges of raw material in the cutting process, and generally this will be added into your PCB price. So that the unit PCB price will be more expensive. In another word, if you PCB size is well-suited, then it is good for PCB manufacturer and yourself. And at this time, the utilization will be the highest and your PCB cost is the cheapest as well.

Line width/spacing

To a certain extent, as long as you are following the PCB design rules, the PCB price will not too high. However, if your design is complex and the line width is extreme thin, then the price will increase since it is difficult to control during manufacturing.

PCB layers

According to the IPC standard, PCBs can be classified to single-layer PCB, double sided PCB and multilayer PCB. For layer count over than 2 layers, we called it as Multilayer PCBs, such as 4 layers PCB, 6 layers PCB. For FR4 PCB, we can make up to 32layers.

Due to the manufacturing process and some unpredictable assembling cycles, the more the layers, the more expensive it is. (The price of single side PCB is the similar to double sided PCBs.)

Solder mask ink color

In the past, it is no doubt that you will spend more if you want every color expect green. But now things are changeable. Most colors are available at no or very little extra cost, which usually only occurs for unique requests such as matte tones.

PCB copper foil thickness

The weight of copper foil depends on the successful utilization of the material. Thicker copper is more expensive and comes with additional manufacturing difficulties and expenses. You may also have to fill the holes with copper foil to connect layers. In addition, heavier copper means you need to spend more cost in shipping. Let’s take a simple example, for aluminum core PCB and copper core PCB, in the same volume and quantities, copper core PCB stands out for expensive shipping cost since it has thicker copper and heavier weight.

PCB surface treatment

Surface treatment is a method that using for protecting the surface from corrosion and improve the solderability. Usually, in consideration of environmental friendliness, vendors can use a couple of gold or silver to achieve further safety for use in some applications.

The commonly used surface treatment methods include OSP, IMMERSION SILVER, ENIG, ENEPIG and HASL (LF). Among them, the price is ENEPIG>ENIG>IMMERSION SILVER>OSP>HASL. You can calculate the PCB board price according to the surface treatment method and gold thickness.

Quantity and lead time

When developing a new project, almost of companies would like to make prototypes first and ask for a sample quotation. However, some PCB manufacturers will set the minimum order quantity, the smaller the quantity, the higher cost the PCB board. Please make sure to check the price for different amount before placing an official order.

Meanwhile, the delivery time request also will affect the whole price in a certain. And certainly, the price of quick turn order and expedited service will higher than normal order.

Other special requirements (impedance, IPC standard)

To ensure the stable transmission of circuit board signals and improve the quality of signal transmission, designers and engineers will ask for impedance control for the traces. This can be seen as special requirements, so it will add a few extra prices. And the required IPC Criteria is a factor as well. Normally, if customer does not have other request, we will default use IPC class II. III level will more expensive.

Above all are the mainly factors that affect the price composition for a printed circuit board. When evaluating your PCB cost, making them in your consideration is best.

PCB and PCBA supplier that can save cost for you – Best Technology

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