Rigid flex pcb Design & Prototype Right the First Time

August 12th, 2024

rigid-flex printed circuit board ,Rigid flex pcb manufacturer. More than 5 years design team of 10 people. Quick proofing within 1 week. A 3,000-square-meter factory for small batch to mass production and assembly.

What is a rigid flex pcb?

Rigid flex pcb,rigid-flex printed circuit board，Rigid flex circuit are a hybrid construction flex circuit consisting of rigid and flexible substrates which are laminated together into a single structure. Each layer of rigid-flex circuit are electrically interconnected by plated through holes (PTH), which is different from a flexible circuit with FR4/PI stiffener on top or bottom of flex circuit only by the means of presensive or thermal senstive adhesive only, no PTH.

Rigid-flex PCBs can be divided into single-sided boards, double-sided boards and multi-layer boards according to the number of conductive circuit layers. Multi-layer boards usually contain multiple rigid layers and flexible layers, and the circuits are connected and interconnected through interlayer connections.

Is Rigid flex PCB reliable?

Design and manufacturing efficiency: Designers of rigid-flex boards can use a single component to replace a composite printed circuit board connected by multiple connectors, multiple cables and ribbon cables, which not only has stronger performance and higher stability, but also limits the scope of the design to one component, optimizing the available space by bending and folding the lines like a stacked paper swan.
Space and weight optimization: In PCB prototyping for consumer electronics, the use of rigid-flex boards not only maximizes space use and minimizes weight, but also greatly improves reliability, eliminating many needs for solder joints and fragile and fragile wiring that are prone to connection problems. The design of this circuit board allows the size and weight of equipment and systems to be reduced while maintaining functionality.
High stress environment adaptability: Rigid-flex boards also have high impact resistance and can survive in high stress environments, which makes it widely used in military, aviation and medical equipment.
Excellent electrical performance: Rigid-flex boards provide excellent electrical performance, and good thermal conductivity makes components easy to cool. The lower dielectric constant of the flexible part allows for fast transmission of electrical signals, and the PI substrate has a higher glass transition temperature or melting point, which allows the components to operate well at higher temperatures.
Assembly reliability: Rigid-flex boards reduce the hardware required for traditional rigid boards and flexible boards to be connected, such as traditional jumper sockets, etc., and can provide higher assembly reliability.

What is the difference between rigid flex and semi flex?

Definition and structure
Rigid-flexible board: It is a combination of soft board and hard board, that is, a thin layer of flexible bottom layer and rigid bottom layer are combined and laminated into a single component to form a circuit board1. It changes the traditional flat design concept and expands it to a three-dimensional space concept. It has both rigid layer and flexible layer and is a multi-layer printed circuit board.
Semi-flexible board: It is a PCB used in the field of static bending obtained by combining controlled deep milling or rigid-flexible board processing technology (such as milling cover or opening window, etc.) in the standard hard board processing process2. It often uses FR4 material, first processes the PCB according to the normal process, and then mills the middle part that needs to be bent to make it flexible.
Flexibility and application
Rigid-flexible board: It has higher flexibility and can be bent, folded or rounded, and then integrated into various products, such as aerospace equipment, military aircraft, high-end medical equipment, digital cameras, portable cameras and high-quality MP3 players. ‌
Semi-flexible board: Although it can be bent or curved, its flexibility is not as good as that of rigid-flexible board. It is mainly used in situations where static bending is required, such as endoscopes in medical equipment, injection needle tip protection circuit boards, and medical equipment temperature control circuit boards. ‌
Processing and cost
Rigid-flexible board: Due to the mixed use of multiple materials and multiple production steps, its processing time is longer and the production cost is higher. ‌
Semi-flexible board: Although its processing process is also more complicated, its processing cost is lower than that of rigid-flexible board, and it is more suitable in some applications. ‌
Features and advantages
Rigid-flexible board: It has stronger performance and higher stability, can reduce space and weight, and improve the reliability of connection. ‌
Semi-flexible board: It has the advantages of low cost, good dimensional stability, bendable three-dimensional installation to reduce space, and reduce the number of interfaces during assembly to improve reliability.‌

how do they add rigid layers to flex pcb?

Design layout: Before starting the manufacturing process, the PCB design layout is first carried out to determine the location and connection method of the components. ‌
Substrate preparation: Clean the laminate containing the copper layer to prepare for the subsequent manufacturing process. ‌
Pattern generation: The generation of circuit patterns is completed by screen printing or photo imaging. ‌
Etching process: The laminate with the circuit pattern is soaked in an etching tank or sprayed with an etchant solution for etching. ‌
Mechanical drilling: Circuit holes, pads and via patterns are drilled using a precision drilling system or technology, such as laser drilling technology. ‌
Copper plating process: Deposit the required copper in the plated vias to establish electrical interconnections between layers. ‌
Covering layer application and lamination: Apply the covering layer material (such as polyimide film) and adhesive, and laminate under specific temperature, pressure and vacuum limits to ensure proper adhesion of the covering layer. ‌
Apply stiffeners: Apply local additional stiffeners before additional lamination processes as required by the board design. ‌
Flexible board cutting: Cut flexible boards from production panels using hydraulic punching methods or specialized punching knives. ‌
Electrical testing and verification: Conduct electrical testing in accordance with IPC-ET-652 guidelines to confirm that the insulation, connection, quality, and performance of the circuit board meet the requirements of the design specifications.

What are the disadvantages of rigid flex PCB?

Material damage or breakage: The flexible materials used in rigid-flex boards are susceptible to flexure and bending. Long-term use or improper handling may cause damage or breakage of the flexible part, resulting in an open circuit.
Poor welding: The manufacture of rigid-flex boards requires welding processes. If the welding is poor or the solder joints are of poor quality, it may cause loose connections or solder joints to fall off, resulting in an open circuit.
Excessive bending or stretching: Excessive bending or stretching during use may cause the connection wires or wires of the flexible part to be stretched excessively and break, causing an open circuit.
Design defects: If the design of the rigid-flex board is unreasonable or defective, such as insufficient design of the overbending area or too small bending radius, the material of the flexible part may be damaged by excessive stress, resulting in an open circuit.
Environmental factors: Under different environmental conditions, it may be affected by factors such as temperature, humidity, and chemicals. Long-term use in harsh environments may cause material aging or corrosion, resulting in an open circuit. ‌
Damage during assembly: During the assembly process, improper operation or external force may cause damage to the connecting wires or wires of the flexible part, resulting in an open circuit.

Application fields of rigid flex PCB

Automotive electronics: Rigid-flex boards are widely used in automotive electronic systems such as dashboards, navigation systems, and in-car entertainment systems in the automotive industry. Their flexibility and high reliability enable them to adapt to the complex spatial layout and vibration environment inside the car.
Medical equipment: In the field of medical equipment, rigid-flex boards also have important applications, such as medical monitoring equipment, medical imaging equipment, etc. Its flexible part can adapt to different equipment shapes and size requirements, while having stable circuit connection performance.
Aerospace field: Rigid-flex boards are usually used in aircraft dashboards, navigation systems, communication equipment, etc. in the aerospace field. Due to their light, thin and flexible characteristics, rigid-flex boards have become an ideal choice for aerospace equipment.
Smart wearable devices: With the rapid development of smart wearable devices, rigid-flex boards are widely used in products such as smart watches and health monitoring equipment. They can be combined with curved display screens, sensors and other components to achieve a more humanized design.
Industrial control field: In the field of industrial automation control, rigid-flex boards are often used in PLC controllers, robot control systems, sensor interfaces, etc. Its flexibility and reliability ensure the stable operation of the equipment in harsh environments.

Rigid flex pcb manufacturer

rigid flex pcb.rigid-flex printed circuit board，Rigid flex circuit are a hybrid construction flex circuit consisting of rigid and flexible substrates which are laminated together into a single structure. Each layer of rigid-flex circuit are electrically interconnected by plated through holes (PTH), which is different from a flexible circuit with FR4/PI stiffener on top or bottom of flex circuit only by the means of presensive or thermal senstive adhesive only, no PTH.

Multilayer circuitry-from 3 to 14+ layers
Min LW/LS: 4mil/4mil
Adhesive-based and adhesiveless constructions, including thermoplastic and thermoset stiffener attachment.
Polyimide substrates: 1/2mil – 4mil
Copper: 1/3OZ – 2OZ, RA or ED type
Stiffeners include Polyimide (0.075-0.20mm), FR4 (0.15-2.0mm), and punched or formed metal parts (0.075-1.0mm)
Low-cost, conventional fabrication and lamination completed with PTH based plating
Screened inks, photo-imageable soldermasks, or laminated coverlay dielectrics
Surface finishes: ENIG, electroplated nickel/gold, immersion silver, tin,
EMI Shielding

how to design flex rigid pcb?

Rigid-Flex Circuit Design Guidelines

To form a rigid-flex, follow these considerations to ensure the best results.

Considerations When Designing Rigid-Flex Circuits

To produce a rigid-flex PCB with unmatched quality and functionality, you must follow the correct manufacturing specifications. This is the set guidelines and standards that manufacturers must consider when designing and manufacturing flexible circuit boards.

Determine Manufacturing Process and Materials Beforehand

Depending on the flexibility you require, you need to decide beforehand what materials to use and the methods to use. Example; When the board you are designing only needs to be folded during manufacturing and thereafter be in a fixed position without bending, you can decide the following

Copper type and grade
Manufacturing method
Number of layers to be used.

On the other hand, if the board is for an application with frequent movement, vibration, and impact, you must be clear in choosing the following:

Copper Coils
Adhesives and
Number of Layers

Place Copper Traces at Right Angles to Rigid-Flex

Copperworks is a great fit when placed on the right edge of the board. Avoid bending copper traces at corners as it will pull stress and may not create the best bend. For PCB flex that requires bending, use sharp radius bends to avoid smudging copper traces.

Provide adequate pad support for exposed copper

Repetitive stress from frequent bending can cause copper on the circuit to break away from the polyimide substrate. Support exposed copper with pads to prevent separation.

Use hatched polygons

Hatched polygons instead of solidified copper help maintain the flexibility of flexible PCBs.

Leave at least 1/2mm gap between copper ring and adjacent vias

1/2mm helps avoid fatigue caused by frequent bending. Placing vias in fixed areas of the board helps avoid frequent movement and bending, resulting in the best rigid-flex.

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IPC-6012 vs. IPC-A-600 Standard: Which One Should You Use?

August 12th, 2024

IPC-6012 is primarily concerned with the performance and reliability of rigid PCBs, detailing the requirements they must meet to be deemed acceptable. On the other hand, IPC-A-600 provides visual criteria for evaluating the quality of PCBs.

IPC-6012 vs. IPC-A-600 Standard: Which One Should You Use?

What does IPC stand for?

IPC stands for the Institute for Printed Circuits. This organization sets the standards for the design, manufacturing, and testing of electronic equipment. These standards ensure that the products meet the required quality and reliability levels. For professionals in the electronics industry, IPC standards are vital because they provide clear guidelines and expectations for the production of printed circuit boards (PCBs). They serve as a common language among manufacturers, suppliers, and end-users, promoting consistency and quality in the global electronics market.

What are IPC-6012 Standards?

IPC-6012 is one of the most critical standards set by IPC. It focuses specifically on the performance and qualification requirements for rigid PCBs. These standards are essential in ensuring that the boards can withstand the environmental and mechanical stresses they may encounter during their lifecycle. IPC-6012 is used by manufacturers to qualify their PCBs and ensure they meet customer requirements. The standard covers various aspects, including the materials used, the methods of testing, and the acceptance criteria. It is widely recognized and utilized across the electronics industry, making it a cornerstone for those involved in PCB production.

What is IPC-6012E en?

The “IPC-6012E en” refers to the specific edition of the IPC-6012 standard. This version includes all the latest revisions and updates. It ensures that manufacturers are using the most current guidelines when producing rigid PCBs. The “E” in IPC-6012E represents the edition, indicating that it is an updated version of the previous standards. The “en” signifies that it is in English, providing clear and concise instructions for English-speaking professionals in the industry. This version of the standard reflects the latest advancements in technology and industry practices, ensuring that the products meet the highest levels of quality and reliability.

What Content Does IPC-6012 Include?

IPC-6012 is a widely recognized standard that includes comprehensive requirements for the qualification and performance of rigid printed circuit boards. It covers a wide range of topics related to rigid PCB manufacturing. It includes detailed guidelines on materials, testing methods, and acceptance criteria. The standard outlines the requirements for the base materials used in the PCB, such as copper-clad laminates and prepregs. It also provides guidelines on the fabrication processes, including drilling, plating, and etching. The standard covers other various areas such as:

Performance Specifications
Material Requirements
Fabrication Process Guidelines
Dimensional Tolerances
Testing Methods
Inspection Criteria
Cleanliness Requirements
Defect Classification
Repair and Rework Procedures
Documentation Guidelines
Marking and Labeling Standards
Class-Specific Requirements

IPC-6012E is the latest revision, incorporating many new requirements, including:

Back-drilled structures
Surface finishes
Copper wrap plating
Solderability testing
Plating overhang
Marking inks
Microsection evaluation
Thermal shock
Performance-based testing for micro-via structures

The IPC-6012EA (2021) addendum contains specifications for rigid circuit boards used in the automotive industry. These boards must endure stringent vibration and thermal stress tests. The addendum includes updated requirements for:

Lifted lands
Pattern feature accuracy
Solder mask thickness
Dielectric removal and wicking
Cleanliness criteria
Suitability and reliability testing parameters

What is IPC-A-600 Standard?

IPC-A-600, also known as the “Acceptability of Printed Boards,” is another essential standard in the PCB industry. Unlike IPC-6012, which focuses on performance and qualification requirements, IPC-A-600 provides visual acceptance criteria for finished PCBs. This standard is widely used for inspecting the quality of PCBs before they are shipped to customers. IPC-A-600 includes detailed photographs and illustrations to help inspectors identify defects and determine whether a PCB meets the required quality standards.

Classification of Printed Boards

Defines different classes of PCBs based on their intended application and reliability requirements, including Class 1 (general electronic products), Class 2 (dedicated service electronic products), and Class 3 (high-reliability electronic products).

Material Quality Requirements

Sets standards for the materials used in PCB construction, ensuring they meet specific quality and durability requirements.

Surface and Subsurface Conditions

Provides criteria for acceptable and non-acceptable surface and subsurface conditions, such as laminate voids, cracks, and other defects that could affect board performance.

Conductor Criteria

Outlines requirements for conductor width, spacing, and thickness, as well as the acceptability of defects like nicks, cuts, and scratches on conductors.

Solder Mask and Coating Criteria

Specifies the quality standards for solder masks and other protective coatings, including their application, coverage, and defects like pinholes or bubbles.

Plating and Coating Integrity

Describes the acceptable levels of plating thickness and the presence of defects like blisters, peeling, or voids in the plated layers.

Hole/Interconnection Quality

Provides guidelines for the quality of holes and interconnections, including criteria for plating thickness, hole wall quality, and annular ring size.

Annular Ring and Land Criteria

Specifies the acceptable size and quality of annular rings and lands, as well as the alignment of pads and vias.

Warp and Twist Tolerances

Defines the acceptable levels of board warpage and twist, which can affect the assembly process and the final product’s performance.

Bow and Twist Evaluation

Methods for evaluating and measuring the bow and twist of PCBs to ensure they remain within specified tolerances.

Contamination and Cleanliness

Establishes cleanliness standards for PCBs, including acceptable levels of ionic and non-ionic contamination.

Repair and Rework Guidelines

Offers procedures for repairing and reworking boards while maintaining compliance with the standard.

Marking and Documentation Requirements

Sets forth the standards for marking and documentation to ensure traceability and compliance with the IPC-A-600 standard.

Visual Inspection Criteria

Includes detailed visual inspection criteria, with numerous illustrations and photographs, to help inspectors and manufacturers determine the acceptability of PCBs.

Dimensional Tolerances

Specifies tolerances for various PCB dimensions, ensuring consistency in the final product.

Advanced Board Types

Criteria for newer and more complex board types, including high-density interconnect (HDI) boards, rigid-flex, and metal-core PCBs.

What is the Difference Between IPC-6012 and IPC-A-600?

While both IPC-6012 and IPC-A-600 are essential standards in the PCB industry, they serve different purposes. IPC-6012 focuses on the performance and qualification requirements for rigid PCBs, ensuring that they meet the required quality and reliability levels. On the other hand, IPC-A-600 provides visual acceptance criteria for finished PCBs, helping inspectors identify defects and determine whether a PCB meets the required quality standards. In essence, IPC-6012 is used during the manufacturing process to ensure that the PCBs are produced to the required specifications, while IPC-A-600 is used during the inspection process to ensure that the finished products are free from defects and meet the required quality standards.

Is IPC-6012 Cleanliness?

Cleanliness is an essential aspect of PCB manufacturing, and IPC-6012 does address this issue. The standard includes guidelines for ensuring that the PCBs are free from contaminants that could affect their performance and reliability. Cleanliness is crucial in PCB manufacturing because contaminants can cause various problems, such as short circuits, reduced performance, and even failure of the PCB. IPC-6012 provides specific guidelines on how to ensure cleanliness during the manufacturing process, including cleaning procedures, inspection methods, and acceptance criteria. Ensuring cleanliness during the manufacturing process is essential for producing high-quality PCBs that meet the required performance and reliability standards.

FAQs

Q: What is the difference between IPC-6012 Class 2 and Class 3?

A: IPC-6012 Class 2 is designed for electronic products where extended reliability is required but not critical, while Class 3 is for high-performance electronic products, where continued performance or performance-on-demand is critical. Class 3 has stricter requirements than Class 2.

Q: What does the latest revision of IPC-6012 include?

A: The latest revision of IPC-6012 includes updates to materials, testing methods, and acceptance criteria, reflecting the latest advancements in PCB manufacturing technology.

Q: What is IPC 6012F?

A: IPC 6012F is a specific revision of the IPC-6012 standard, which includes updates and improvements to the previous versions. It reflects the latest industry practices and ensures that the products meet the required performance and reliability levels.

Q: How does IPC 6012ES differ from other revisions?

A: IPC 6012ES is a specialized version of the IPC-6012 standard that includes specific guidelines for certain applications, such as military or aerospace, where the requirements for performance and reliability are more stringent.

Q: What is the role of IPC standards in PCB manufacturing?

A: IPC standards provide clear guidelines and expectations for PCB manufacturing, ensuring that the products meet the required quality and reliability levels. They serve as a common language among manufacturers, suppliers, and end-users, promoting consistency and quality in the global electronics market.

Tags: IPC, IPC 6012
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Heat Conductivity Aluminum vs. Copper – EBest Circuit (Best Technology)

August 12th, 2024

When considering materials for heat transfer applications, both heat conductivity aluminum and copper often come up. These metals are widely known for their ability to conduct heat, making them essential in various industries. However, there are some key differences between the two. While copper is generally recognized for its superior heat conductivity, aluminum offers distinct advantages that make it a popular choice in specific contexts. In this blog, we’ll explore the heat conductivity of aluminum, compare it with copper, and discuss why aluminum remains a top contender in many applications.

Heat Conductivity Aluminum vs. Copper - EBest Circuit (Best Technology)

What is the Heat Conductivity of Aluminum?

Heat conductivity refers to a material’s ability to conduct heat. Aluminum, while not as conductive as copper, still performs remarkably well in transferring heat. The thermal conductivity of aluminum is about 205 W/m·K, which, although lower than copper’s 385 W/m·K, is still sufficient for many applications. This makes aluminum a practical choice for applications where efficient heat dissipation is required.

Aluminum’s thermal conductivity varies slightly depending on the alloy. For example, 6061 aluminum, a commonly used alloy, has a thermal conductivity of about 167 W/m·K. Despite this, aluminum remains a reliable material for heat sinks, radiators, and other components requiring effective heat management.

Is Aluminum a High Conductor of Heat?

Aluminum is considered a good conductor of heat, though it’s not the best. Its heat conductivity is higher than many other metals, such as steel or titanium, but lower than copper. This balance of conductivity and other properties, such as weight and corrosion resistance, makes aluminum a versatile material. In applications where weight is a concern, aluminum’s lower density compared to copper is a significant advantage. This is why aluminum is often chosen for automotive and aerospace applications, where weight reduction is critical.

The combination of adequate heat conductivity and lightweight properties makes aluminum an excellent choice for heat exchangers, power electronics, and other components where both heat dissipation and weight are critical factors.

What is the Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum in K?

The thermal conductivity of aluminum is usually expressed in watts per meter-kelvin (W/m·K). For pure aluminum, the thermal conductivity is approximately 205 W/m·K at room temperature. This value can vary depending on the specific alloy and its temperature. For instance, as the temperature increases, the thermal conductivity of aluminum decreases slightly, but it remains effective for most applications.

Aluminum’s ability to maintain a relatively stable thermal conductivity across different temperatures is one reason it’s preferred in environments where temperature fluctuations are common. Whether in electronics or construction, aluminum’s consistent performance makes it a reliable material for heat management.

What is the Thermal Conductivity of 6061 Aluminum?

6061 aluminum is one of the most widely used aluminum alloys due to its excellent mechanical properties and versatility. Its thermal conductivity is slightly lower than that of pure aluminum, typically around 167 W/m·K. This alloy is often used in applications where a combination of good thermal conductivity, strength, and corrosion resistance is needed.

Despite having lower thermal conductivity than pure aluminum, 6061 aluminum is still effective in dissipating heat. Its ease of machining and ability to be heat-treated makes it a popular choice in the automotive and aerospace industries, where it’s used in components like engine parts and structural frames.

Basic Parameters of 6061 Series Aluminum

Property	Parameter	6061 Aluminum
Chemical Composition	Aluminum (Al)	95.85% – 98.56%
	Magnesium (Mg)	0.8% – 1.2%
	Silicon (Si)	0.4% – 0.8%
	Copper (Cu)	0.15% – 0.4%
	Chromium (Cr)	0.04% – 0.35%
	Iron (Fe)	≤ 0.7%
	Zinc (Zn)	≤ 0.25%
	Manganese (Mn)	≤ 0.15%
	Titanium (Ti)	≤ 0.15%
	Other Elements	Each ≤ 0.05%, Total ≤ 0.15%
Mechanical Properties	Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)	290 MPa (42,000 psi)
	Yield Strength (0.2% offset)	241 MPa (35,000 psi)
	Elongation	8% – 12% (depending on temper)
	Hardness (Brinell)	95 HB (T6 condition)
	Shear Strength	207 MPa (30,000 psi)
Physical Properties	Density	2.70 g/cm³ (0.0975 lb/in³)
	Melting Point	582°C – 652°C (1,080°F – 1,206°F)
	Thermal Conductivity	167 W/m·K
	Coefficient of Thermal Expansion	23.6 µm/m·°C (13.1 µin/in·°F)
	Electrical Conductivity	40% IACS
	Specific Heat	0.896 J/g·°C

Why Do Conductors Have a High Heat Capacity?

Conductors typically have a high heat capacity because of their ability to absorb and distribute heat energy efficiently. This property is particularly important in materials used for heat dissipation. While aluminum has a lower heat capacity compared to copper, it still performs well enough to be used in many thermal management applications.

The high heat capacity of aluminum allows it to absorb heat without a significant rise in temperature, making it effective in applications like heat sinks and radiators. Its ability to distribute heat evenly across its surface ensures that hot spots are minimized, contributing to the overall efficiency of the cooling process.

Which Metal is the Best Conductor of Heat?

Copper is widely recognized as the best conductor of heat among common metals, with a thermal conductivity of about 389 W/m·K. This makes it ideal for applications where maximum heat transfer is required. However, copper is heavier and more expensive than aluminum, which can be a disadvantage in certain contexts.

Aluminum, while not as conductive as copper, offers a balance of good heat conductivity, low weight, and cost-effectiveness. In applications where these factors are more important than the absolute best conductivity, aluminum is often the preferred choice. This is why aluminum is commonly used in heat sinks, air conditioning units, and automotive radiators, where its combination of properties provides the best overall performance.

Choosing between aluminum and copper depends on the specific requirements of the application. If weight and cost are significant considerations, aluminum often comes out on top. However, for situations where the highest possible heat transfer is needed, copper might be the better option.

Tags: heat conductivity aluminum
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What is copper clad laminate and its pros and cons

August 10th, 2024

What is copper clad laminate?

Copper clad laminate (CCL) is a plate-like material made by impregnating electronic fiberglass cloth or other reinforcing materials with resin, covering one or both sides with copper foil and hot pressing. It is referred to as copper clad laminate.

Printed circuit boards of various forms and functions are selectively processed, etched, drilled and copper-plated on copper clad laminates to make different printed circuits.

It mainly plays the role of interconnection, insulation and support for printed circuit boards, and has a great influence on the transmission speed, energy loss and characteristic impedance of signals in the circuit. Therefore, the performance, quality, processability, manufacturing level, manufacturing cost and long-term reliability and stability of printed circuit boards depend to a large extent on copper clad laminates.

What is flexible copper clad laminate?

Flexible copper clad laminate is a special copper clad laminate, which is composed of a flexible insulating base film and a metal foil. It is usually composed of three different materials: copper foil, film, and adhesive, forming a three-layer flexible copper clad laminate. ‌

If there is no adhesive in the flexible copper clad laminate, it is called a two-layer flexible copper clad laminate. ‌Flexible copper clad laminate is formed by bonding copper foil to one or both sides of a flexible insulating material such as polyester film or polyimide film through a certain process. ‌

This material is widely used in the electronics industry, especially in electronic devices that need to bend, move, and stretch, such as laptops and digital cameras. ‌The characteristics of flexible copper clad laminate include thinness, lightness, and flexibility, which give it obvious advantages in high-density wiring, light weight, and small size. ‌

In addition, flexible copper clad laminate plays an important role in the manufacturing process of electronic products. Its performance directly affects the conductivity, insulation, and support of the PCB circuit board, thereby affecting the overall performance and cost of the product.

What are the performance requirements for copper clad laminates?

Appearance requirements: The appearance of the copper clad laminate should meet certain standards, including that the metal foil surface should not have pits, scratches, resin spots, wrinkles, pinholes, bubbles, white silk and other defects.
Dimension requirements: Including the board size, length, width, diagonal deviation, warpage, etc. should comply with the regulations. The nominal board size and allowable deviation, nominal thickness and deviation, verticality, warpage, etc. of aluminum-based copper clad laminates also have specific requirements23. 3. Electrical performance requirements: Including dielectric constant (Dk), dielectric loss tangent (Df), volume resistance, surface resistance, insulation resistance, arc resistance, dielectric breakdown voltage, electrical strength, comparative tracking index (CTI), ion migration resistance (CAF), etc. ‌
Physical performance requirements: including dimensional stability, peel strength (PS), bending strength, heat resistance (thermal stress, Td, T260, T288, T300), punching, etc. ‌
Chemical performance requirements: including flammability, solderability, chemical resistance, glass transition temperature (Tg), Z-axis thermal expansion coefficient (Z-CTE), dimensional stability, etc. ‌
Environmental performance requirements: including water absorption, pressure vessel boiling test, etc., to ensure that the copper clad laminate can maintain stable performance under specific environmental conditions. ‌
Environmental performance requirements: The copper clad laminate should comply with relevant environmental standards, contain no harmful substances, no odor, and have no adverse effects on the human body and the environment.‌

What are the pros and cons of copper cladding?

Advantages of copper clad laminate for circuit boards

Excellent electrical conductivity: copper clad laminate for circuit boards can provide high electrical conductivity and can be used for high-speed signal transmission and high current transmission.
Good corrosion resistance: The surface of copper clad laminate for circuit boards is coated with a protective copper oxide layer, which can effectively prevent copper from corrosion in humid and acidic environments and extend the life of the circuit board.
Easy to process and print: After processing, copper clad laminate for circuit boards can be processed and printed by etching, gold plating, machining and other methods.
Convenient for the production of multi-layer circuit boards: copper clad laminate for circuit boards can be used as inner copper foil for the production of multi-layer circuit boards, which can improve the performance and density of circuit boards and reduce the volume of circuit boards.

Disadvantages of copper clad laminate for circuit boards

High cost: Compared with other materials such as aluminum substrates, copper clad laminate for circuit boards has a higher manufacturing cost, so the price is relatively expensive.
Large thermal expansion coefficient: The thermal expansion coefficient of copper clad laminate for circuit boards is different from that of other materials, which can cause bending and cracking of circuit boards when different temperatures change.
Corrosion performance needs to be improved: Although the copper clad laminate of the circuit board has good corrosion resistance, it may still be damaged by strong acid, strong alkali or high temperature, which needs further improvement.

What is copper clad laminate made of?

Copper clad laminates are mainly made of electronic fiberglass cloth or other reinforcing materials impregnated with resin, covered with copper foil on one or both sides and hot pressed. This material is referred to as copper clad laminate (Copper Clad Laminate, CCL), which is the substrate material of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and also the carrier of electronic components. ‌

The manufacturing process of copper clad laminates includes impregnating electronic fiberglass cloth or other reinforcing materials with resin, then covering one or both sides with copper foil, and curing it into shape by hot pressing. ‌Such a manufacturing process enables copper clad laminates to have excellent electrical and mechanical properties, which can meet the needs of different applications. ‌

In addition, there are various types of copper clad laminates, including but not limited to high-frequency copper clad laminates, aluminum-based copper clad laminates, copper-based copper clad laminates, etc. These different types of copper clad laminates differ in material composition and application fields, but the common feature is that they are all based on copper foil and resin and are made through different processing techniques.

Copper Clad Laminate Grade?

FR-1 – phenolic cotton paper, this base material is commonly known as bakelite (more economical than FR-2)
FR-2 – phenolic cotton paper,
FR-3 – cotton paper, epoxy resin
FR-4 – Woven glass, epoxy resin
FR-5 – glass cloth, epoxy resin
FR-6 – matte glass, polyester
G-10 – glass cloth, epoxy resin
CEM-1 – cotton paper, epoxy resin (flame retardant)
CEM-2 – cotton paper, epoxy resin (non-flame retardant)
CEM-3 – glass cloth, epoxy resin
CEM-4 – glass cloth, epoxy resin
CEM-5 – glass cloth, polyester
AIN – aluminum nitride
SIC – silicon carbide

What is copper clad laminate used for?

Electronic communication field
Copper clad laminates are widely used in electronic products such as mobile phones, computers, communication equipment, network equipment, etc. Among them, mobile phones are one of the most important application fields of copper clad laminates, and the quality of copper clad laminates used in mobile phones has a great impact on the performance and quality of mobile phones.
Computer field
With the development of computers, the application scope of copper clad laminates has gradually expanded, and gradually become an indispensable part of computer hardware. For example, copper clad laminates are widely used in hardware such as power boards, motherboards, expansion cards, and memory sticks.
Consumer electronics field
With the increasing popularity of consumer electronic products, the application of copper clad laminates in this field has gradually increased. For example, copper clad laminates are used in products such as smart watches and smart homes.
Automotive electronics field
Automotive electronics is one of the future development directions, and copper clad laminates are also widely used in the field of automotive electronics, such as in-vehicle entertainment systems, in-vehicle navigation systems, body control systems, etc.

All electronic machines, including aviation, aerospace, remote sensing, telemetry, remote control, communications, computers, industrial control, household appliances, and even advanced children’s toys, are all important electronic materials that are indispensable.

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How is the ceramic PCB made?

August 9th, 2024

Ceramic PCB is composed of ceramic substrate, connecting layer and circuit layer. With the development of electronic industry, the types of ceramic PCB have become various. Since ceramic materials were used as PCB substrate, many methods for manufacturing circuit layer on ceramic substrate have been developed, among which several common ceramic circuit boards are HTCC (high temperature co-firing), LTCC (low temperature co-firing), DBC (direct copper cladding) and DPC (direct copper plating). Each type of ceramic circuit board has different usage scenarios, and also corresponds to different manufacturing processes.

How is the ceramic pcb made by HTCC process? ‌

First of all, the starting material of HTCC (high temperature co-fired ceramics) process is ceramic powder (such as Al2O3 or AlN), and these materials need to be mixed with organic binder to form paste ceramic slurry. Then, the ceramic slurry is scraped into a sheet by using a scraper, and a green embryo is formed through a drying process. After the green embryo is formed, through holes are drilled according to the circuit layer design, and then the wiring and hole filling are carried out by screen printing metal paste. Finally, the germ layers are stacked and sintered in a high temperature furnace (about 1600 C). ‌

Specifically, the ‌HTCC process flow includes the following key steps:

Casting molding method: the ceramic slurry is scraped into a thin strip with uniform thickness, and dried by blowing filtered hot air opposite to the moving direction of the conveyor belt to form a green sheet.

Punching: Through mechanical drilling, mechanical punching or laser drilling, through holes are punched in the green blank. The size, position and accuracy of these holes directly affect the on-off and wiring density in the substrate.

Through-hole filling: the filling slurry is extruded into the through-hole of the green porcelain by mask printing method to complete the metallization process of the green porcelain.

Lamination, slicing and co-firing: the printed germ layers are laminated, then sliced and finally co-fired at high temperature. ‌

After the completion of this series of steps, a high-temperature co-fired ceramic (HTCC) substrate is obtained, which has excellent electrical and mechanical properties and is widely used in the manufacture of electronic products requiring high performance. ‌

How is the ceramic pcb made by LTCC process?

The first step is to prepare raw materials. The raw materials of ‌LTCC are mainly composed of ceramic powder and organic additives. Ceramic powders, such as alumina and zirconia, are used to improve the insulation and mechanical strength of ceramic materials. Organic additives are used to increase viscosity and improve plasticity, which is convenient for the subsequent molding process. ‌

Then there is circuit printing, the purpose of which is to print circuit patterns on ceramic substrates, usually using shielding printing technology. Firstly, the ceramic substrate is cleaned and coated with conductive metal ink. Then, the circuit pattern is transferred to the substrate by stamping with a printing die. Then, through the baking process, the conductive ink is solidified on the substrate to form a conductive circuit. ‌

The third step is a sintering process, in which ceramic materials are chemically reacted at high temperature to combine their particles to form a compact ceramic body. In the process of sintering, the control of temperature gradient and atmosphere is very important to reduce the stress of materials and prevent them from oxidation.

In the final step of finished product inspection and subsequent treatment, the sintered ceramic substrate needs to be inspected first, including appearance quality inspection, size measurement, electrical performance test and other items. Qualified products can be subjected to subsequent electronic component packaging processes, such as welding, film covering, gas packaging, etc., to realize the protection and connection of electronic components. ‌

To sum up, the manufacturing process of ceramic PCB by ‌LTCC process involves many steps, such as precise material selection, processing, circuit printing, sintering, finished product inspection and subsequent treatment, to ensure the quality and performance of the final product.

How is the ceramic pcb made by DBC process?

The first step is the preparation of raw materials. First, it is necessary to select suitable ceramic substrate materials. Common materials include alumina (Al2O3) and aluminum nitride (AlN), which have high insulation, high thermal conductivity and good mechanical strength. The surface of the substrate should be cleaned and treated first to ensure the bonding with the subsequent copper foil. ‌‌

Then the bonding between copper foil and ceramic substrate is the core step of DBC manufacturing process. At a certain temperature and pressure, the copper foil is closely attached to the ceramic substrate to form a firm bonding interface. It is necessary to control the parameters such as temperature, pressure and time in the bonding process to ensure the bonding quality and performance. ‌

Secondly, after the bonding is completed, the copper foil needs to be etched to form the required circuit pattern. Chemical etching or laser etching can be used in the etching process. By precisely controlling the etching depth and width, high-precision and high-resolution circuit patterns can be obtained. ‌

Finally, the DBC structure is cleaned, dried and tested. The purpose of this is to remove residues and improve the reliability and stability of products. ‌

Through the above steps, high-performance DBC ceramic substrates can be prepared, which are widely used in the packaging of intelligent power modules and electric vehicle power modules. ‌

How is the ceramic pcb made by DPC process?

Firstly, the ceramic substrate is pretreated and cleaned to ensure the cleanliness of the substrate surface and prepare for the subsequent deposition and copper plating process. ‌

Then the key step is to deposit a Ti/Cu layer on the surface of the substrate as a seed layer by vacuum sputtering technology. This step is the most important in DPC process.

Followed by photolithography, development and etching processes, the circuit is completed.

Finally, the thickness of the circuit is increased by electroplating or electroless plating to enhance the conductivity and durability of the circuit. After the metallized circuit is manufactured, the photoresist is removed, and finally the substrate is manufactured. ‌

The manufacturing process of ceramic PCB by DPC process involves vacuum sputtering, photolithography, development, etching and electroplating, which makes the ceramic PCB by DPC process have good conductivity and durability, and is suitable for various electronic application scenarios. ‌

With the increasing use of ceramic PCB, in order to adapt to some application fields, many different process technologies have emerged, and each process technology has its own unique technology. For example, HTCC process needs to be sintered at high temperature to achieve its goal. According to the different environment used and the production cost, the appropriate ceramic PCB production technology is selected. BEST Technology has rich experience in manufacturing ceramic circuit boards. For different kinds of ceramic PCBs, there are different production lines and professionals. If you choose the right manufacturer, you will get the best quality ceramic circuit boards.

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pcb support metallic

August 9th, 2024

pcb support metallic are mainly used to support and fix circuit boards to ensure their stability and reliability. The following is a summary of the materials and types, functions and uses of PCB metal support columns, as well as their market supply.

Materials and types: ‌
1.The materials are mainly brass, stainless steel and other metals, which have good conductivity and corrosion resistance. ‌
2.Types include hexagonal double-pass copper columns, single-head isolation copper columns, external hexagonal PCB metal external thread spacing screw columns, etc. ‌
Functions and uses: ‌
1.Support and fix circuit boards to prevent them from moving or deforming during use. ‌
2.Provide circuit connection points to achieve electrical connection between circuit boards. ‌
Market supply: ‌
1.There are many suppliers in the market that provide PCB metal support columns of different specifications and materials. ‌
2.Suppliers usually provide customized services to meet the specific needs of customers. ‌

What is a PCB support column

PCB support columns, also known as circuit board support columns, are mainly used to support and connect circuit boards and are widely used in computer connectors, various PCB assemblies, and electronics. These support columns are usually made of insulating materials such as plastic and nylon, and have good insulation properties and mechanical strength. They have various designs, including aircraft type, flat bottom type, hexagonal type, and other shapes to meet different installation and usage requirements.

Function of PCB support column

PCB support columns play an important role in multiple application scenarios. ‌
To ensure the stability and reliability of PCB in various application scenarios, the support columns are used to support and position the sub-board, ensure that the sub-board is placed flat on the carrier, and thus improve the welding effect between the sub-board and the carrier. ‌In the injection mold, the support column supports the B plate to prevent it from being deformed by pressure during injection molding. ‌In the design of large-load electric cylinders, the support column plays a role in enhancing structural strength, improving pressure resistance, optimizing load capacity, maintaining accuracy and stability, and extending service life. ‌
In addition, in the communication engineering PCB welding and docking support device, the support column is used to clamp and fix the docking plug to ensure that the communication engineering PCB can be stably docked and welded. ‌
In summary, the main function of the PCB support column is to provide stable support and positioning to ensure the stability and reliability of the PCB in various application scenarios.

How to choose PCB support columns?

Choosing a suitable PCB support column requires comprehensive consideration of multiple factors such as performance, material, size, and cost
1.Performance requirements: Determine the performance required by the support column according to the application scenario, such as load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and high temperature resistance. ‌
2.Material selection: Common materials include metal, plastic, etc. Metal support columns are strong and durable, but may be susceptible to corrosion; plastic support columns are light and have good insulation, but may not be strong enough.
3.Size and shape: The size and shape of the support column should match the specifications and installation requirements of the PCB to ensure stable support and connection. ‌
4.Cost and budget: Under the premise of meeting performance requirements, consider the cost and budget of the support column and choose a cost-effective product

PCB support column material?

PCB support columns are widely used in the electronics field. They are mainly used to support and connect circuit boards. ‌ Common PCB support column materials include nylon, plastic, metal (such as brass, stainless steel, aluminum) and resin, etc. Nylon and plastic are the most commonly used materials due to their good insulation performance, easy processing and low cost. Metal materials such as brass and stainless steel are selected in certain specific applications due to their good mechanical strength and conductivity. ‌ Resin materials are also used in the production of some PCB support columns due to their insulation and processing properties.

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What Does An Audio Board Do? – EBest Circuit (Best Technology)

August 9th, 2024

An audio board, often referred to as a soundboard or mixer, is a crucial device in the world of sound engineering. Whether you’re working on a live concert, recording in a studio, or simply enhancing audio for a video production, understanding the role of an audio board is essential. This guide will walk you through what an audio board does, its various names, and how to set one up effectively.

What Does an Audio Board Do?

An audio board, or soundboard, manages and controls audio signals. It’s used in many settings, from live concerts to recording studios. The primary function of an audio board is to mix different audio sources, such as microphones and instruments, to create a balanced sound output. This device allows sound engineers to adjust levels, equalize sound frequencies, and add effects to enhance the overall audio experience.

In more technical terms, an audio board receives input signals, processes them, and sends them to an output device. This processing can include adjusting volume levels, panning audio between speakers, and applying effects like reverb or delay. The result is a well-mixed audio output that sounds harmonious and professional.

What is Also Called an Audio Board?

An audio board goes by several names, depending on its use and context. Commonly, it’s known as a soundboard or mixing console. In professional settings, you might hear it referred to as an audio mixer or sound mixer. These terms are often used interchangeably, but they all refer to the same essential device that manages and manipulates audio signals.

Other names include audio mixing board and professional mixing board. These names highlight the device’s role in combining multiple audio inputs into a single or multiple outputs. Whether you’re shopping for an audio board online or looking to upgrade your studio equipment, understanding these terms will help you find the right product for your needs.

What is the Working Principle of Audio Board?

The working principle of audio circuit refers to the process of audio signal transmission and processing in the circuit. In general, the frequency range of audio signals is 20Hz to 20kHz, and they are electrical signals used to transmit sound. The processing of audio signal includes amplification, mixing, filtering and so on.

Amplification refers to increasing the amplitude of the audio signal so that it can drive the speaker to produce a sound. The amplification process is generally achieved using an amplifier, the principle is to use the amplifier tube of the amplifier to amplify the input signal and then output it to the speaker.

Mixing refers to the process of mixing multiple audio signals into one signal. In a mixing circuit, multiple audio signals are mixed together through a mixer to output a composite signal. The mixer is generally composed of an operational amplifier and a mixer. The operational amplifier is responsible for adding multiple input signals, while the mixer is responsible for adjusting the volume ratio of each input signal.

Filtering refers to filtering the audio signal through a filter to remove unwanted frequency components. Filters are generally divided into low-pass filters, high-pass filters and band-pass filters. A low-pass filter only allows low-frequency signals to pass through, a high-pass filter only allows high-frequency signals to pass through, and a bandpass filter only allows signals in a certain frequency range to pass through.

Is a Sound Board the Same as a Mixer?

Yes, a soundboard and a mixer are essentially the same device. Both terms describe equipment used to blend and adjust audio signals. The term “mixer” is often used in professional audio production environments, while “soundboard” is more common in live sound settings.

The confusion between these terms arises from their varied applications. A soundboard is typically associated with live events, where audio engineers manage the sound in real-time. A mixer, on the other hand, might be used more broadly, encompassing both live and studio environments. Regardless of the term, the device’s primary function remains the same: to mix audio signals and produce a balanced sound output.

What is the Function of a Soundboard?

A soundboard, or audio mixer, plays a critical role in sound engineering by managing and manipulating audio signals. Let’s delve deeper into its functions:

Mixing Audio Signals
Equalization (EQ)
Volume Control
Panning
Adding Effects
Routing
Dynamic Processing
Monitoring

How Do You Hook Up a Soundboard?

Hooking up a soundboard needs to proceed several steps. Each step is the key point to make sure all audio sources are correctly connected and configured. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

Prepare all necessary cables, microphones, instruments, and speakers.
Plug your microphones and instruments into the input channels on the soundboard. Each channel corresponds to a specific input source.
Connect the output channels of the soundboard to your speakers or recording devices. This usually involves using XLR or quarter-inch cables.
Turn on the soundboard and all connected equipment.
Adjust the input gain for each channel to ensure the signal is neither too weak nor too strong.
Test each input and output to ensure everything is working correctly. Make necessary adjustments to the levels and EQ settings.
Use headphones or monitor speakers to listen to the audio and make final adjustments.

How to Set Up a Sound Mixing Board?

Setting up a sound mixing board involves more than just connecting cables. Here are detailed steps to set up your sound mixing board effectively:

Plan Your Setup

Determine the layout of your equipment and where each input and output will be connected. This planning stage helps avoid confusion during the actual setup.

Label Everything

Label each input and output cable to know which source they correspond to. This step is crucial in complex setups with many audio sources.

Connect Your Inputs

Plug in microphones, instruments, and any other audio sources into the appropriate input channels on the mixing board.

Connect Your Outputs

Connect the main outputs to your speakers or PA system. Also, connect any auxiliary outputs to additional monitors or recording devices.

Power Everything On

Turn on your mixing board and connected equipment. Make sure to power on any external preamps or processors first if you’re using them.

Adjust Gain Levels

Set the gain for each input channel. Start with the faders at unity (0 dB) and adjust the gain until each input is at a proper level.

Set EQ and Effects

Adjust the EQ settings for each channel to achieve a balanced sound. Add effects as needed to enhance the audio.

Create a Mix

Use the faders to balance the levels of all input sources. Make sure each source is heard clearly without overpowering the others.

Monitor and Adjust

Continuously monitor the sound through headphones or monitor speakers. Make adjustments as necessary to maintain a balanced mix.

EBest Circuit (Best Technology) has rich experience in the audio board manufacturing, we have served more than 2000+ customers and provide excellent turn-key solutions. If you are interested in the audio board pcb assembly, welcome to contact us.

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hs code printed circuit board,pcb boards hs code

August 9th, 2024

The customs code for printed circuit boards is 8534-0000. 8534 is the classification code for this item, and 0000 represents the sub-classification code under this item. In the actual customs declaration process, it is necessary to select the corresponding sub-classification code according to the specific classification standard of printed circuit boards.

hs code printed circuit board：85340000
PCBs made of FR-4 material (i.e. silicon tetrachloride fiberglass board) are classified under HS code 8534.00.00
hs code printed circuits with more than six layers：85340010
hs code printed circuits with four layers or less:85340090
The HS code for PCB (printed circuit board) is 8534001000.
HS code of PCBA is 8543709990

How do you classify printed circuit boards?

According to different classification standards, printed circuit boards can be divided into many types, such as single-sided boards, double-sided boards, multi-layer boards, rigid boards, flexible boards, etc.

The role of HS codes for printed circuit boards

HS codes are a way for customs to classify goods, and are also an important basis for import and export statistics. As an electronic component, printed circuit boards also need to be HS coded so that customs can accurately classify and manage them.

Types of HS codes for printed circuit boards

There are two main HS codes for printed circuit boards: 85340010 and 85340090. Among them, 85340010 is mainly used for printed circuits with more than six layers, while 85340090 is mainly used for printed circuits with four layers or less. The difference between the two codes lies in the number of layers of the printed circuit board, because printed circuits with more than six layers require higher technical requirements and more complex production processes.

How to choose the correct HS code

The specific HS code may vary depending on product specifications, materials and other factors. Therefore, in actual operation, it is recommended to consult relevant departments or professionals according to the specific situation to ensure accuracy. If you are not sure which HS code to choose, you can consult the printed circuit board manufacturer or relevant industry associations for more professional advice.

How do I do a customs declaration?

Declare the code accurately. Select the sub-classification number corresponding to the printed circuit board according to the actual situation to avoid penalties or detention caused by coding errors.
Provide a complete production process. The production process of the printed circuit board needs to be provided in the customs declaration, including the procurement, production, processing, testing and other links of the materials, so as to facilitate the customs inspection of the printed circuit board.
Declare accurate materials and technical parameters. The technical parameters such as the substrate, copper foil thickness, board thickness, drilling diameter, line width, line spacing, etc. used in the printed circuit board need to be accurately declared in the customs declaration.
Re-declaration is required if the dominant production process is changed. If the dominant production process is changed, it is necessary to re-declare to the customs and re-make the customs declaration.
Comply with relevant national quality standards. Printed circuit boards need to meet relevant national quality standards, such as ISO, UL, etc.

hs code electronic,How do I find an HS code?The HS code for PCB (printed circuit board) is 8534001000. PCBs made of FR-4 material (i.e. silicon tetrachloride fiberglass board) are classified under HS code 8534.00.00

Tags: HS CODE
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What Do You Know About Copper Weight in PCB?

August 8th, 2024

Copper weight refers to the amount of copper per square foot of the PCB surface, measured in ounces per square foot (oz/ft²). However, the term “copper thickness” is also commonly used. So, how do copper weight and thickness relate to each other?

Copper thickness is determined by rolling a specific weight of copper over a 1 square foot area. For instance, if 1 ounce of copper is spread out over an area of 1 square foot, the resulting thickness of the copper foil is approximately 1.37mils or 0.0348mm.

What Do You Know About Copper Weight in PCB?

What is the Standard Copper Weight for PCB?

The standard copper weight in PCBs typically ranges from 1 oz/ft² to 3 oz/ft². This measurement refers to the weight of copper per square foot. In metric terms, it translates to approximately 35 µm to 105 µm thickness. The choice of copper weight depends on the application and the current-carrying requirements of the PCB. For standard consumer electronics, 1 oz/ft² is often sufficient. However, power electronics and high-current applications may require heavier copper.

What is Copper Thickness in PCB?

PCB typically feature a layer of copper foil bonded to a glass epoxy substrate. Common copper foil thicknesses are 18μm, 35μm, 55μm, and 70μm. The most frequently used thickness is 35μm. In practice, copper foil thicknesses used domestically generally range from 35μm to 50μm, with thinner options like 10μm or 18μm and thicker options like 70μm also available.

For substrates that are 1mm to 3mm thick, the copper foil is typically 35μm thick. On substrates less than 1mm thick, the copper foil is about 18μm thick, while on substrates thicker than 5mm, the copper foil is around 55μm thick.

If a PCB has a copper foil thickness of 35μm and a trace width of 1mm, the resistance per 10mm length of the trace is approximately 5mΩ, and the inductance is about 4nH. When a digital integrated circuit on the PCB operates with a di/dt of 6mA/ns and a current of 30mA, the estimated noise voltage generated in the circuit due to resistance and inductance for every 10mm length of the trace is 0.15mV and 24mV.

Copper Weight vs. Copper Thickness

Here’s a chart illustrating the relationship between copper weight, copper thickness in mils, and copper thickness in millimeters (mm).

Copper Weight (oz/ft²)	Copper Thickness (mils)	Copper Thickness (mm)
0.5	0.7	0.018
1	1.4	0.035
2	2.8	0.070
3	4.2	0.105
4	5.6	0.140
5	7.0	0.175
3	8.4	0.210

How Do You Calculate Copper Weight in PCB?

Calculating copper weight involves determining the thickness of the copper layer. Here’s a simple method:

Measure the thickness of the copper in micrometers (µm).
Use the conversion factor: 1 oz/ft² equals 35.56 µm.
Multiply the thickness by the conversion factor to get the weight in oz/ft².

For example, if the copper thickness is 70 µm, the calculation is:

Copper weight (oz/ft²)=70um/35.56um/oz≈2oz/ft²

You can use a PCB weight calculator to simplify this process, like PCBWay Calculator, Altium PCB Layout Weight Calculator.

How Much Copper is in a PCB?

The amount of copper in a PCB varies depending on the copper weight and the size of the board. For instance, a 10 cm x 10 cm PCB with a copper weight of 1 oz/ft² will have less copper than the same size board with 3 oz/ft² copper weight. To estimate the total copper, you need to know the board area and the copper thickness.

Total copper (grams)=Area (cm²)×Copper thickness (µm)×8.96×10^-3

The factor 8.96 x 10^-3 converts the volume to weight, considering copper’s density.

What is the Density of Copper in PCB?

Copper’s density is a constant value of 8.96 g/cm³. This density is crucial for calculating the weight of copper in a PCB. Knowing the density helps in accurately estimating the amount of copper in your PCB, which is essential for both design and manufacturing processes. The density remains constant regardless of the copper weight or thickness, providing a reliable basis for various calculations in PCB design.

Why Copper Thickness is Important for PCB?

In the PCB manufacturing process, copper thickness is a very important factor. The correct copper thickness can ensure the quality and performance of the circuit board, but also ensure the reliability and stability of electronic products. We have listed the following points to show why copper thickness is so important for PCBs.

1. Electrical conductivity

Copper thickness determines the electrical conductivity of the circuit board. As you know, copper is an excellent conductive material, and its thickness directly affects the conductive effect of the circuit board. Thinner copper layer may reduce the electrical conductivity of PCB, and resulting in attenuation of signal transmission or instability of current. And if the copper layer is too thick, although the electrical conductivity will be very good, but will increase the cost and weight of the circuit board. Additionally, thicker copper thickness is easy to lead to serious glue flow, the medium layer is too thin, and increase the manufacturing process difficulty. Therefore, for normal PCB, the copper thickness is generally not recommended to do 2oz copper thick, otherwise you can choose Heavy Copper PCB.

2. Heat dissipation

Copper thickness also has an important impact on the heat dissipation performance of the circuit board. The copper layer is the thermal conductivity layer of the circuit board, and its thickness determines the heat dissipation effect. If the copper layer is too thin, it may cause heat to be unable to conduct and dissipate effectively, increasing the risk of overheating of components. Therefore, the copper thickness of the PCB cannot be too thin, in the PCB design process, we can also lay copper in the blank area to assist the heat dissipation of the PCB board.

3. Improve reliability

Copper thickness also has an important impact on the reliability and stability of the circuit board. The copper layer not only acts as the conductive layer and thermal layer, but also the support and connection layer of the circuit board. The appropriate copper thickness provides sufficient mechanical strength to prevent the board from bending, breaking, or opening welding during use. At the same time, the appropriate copper thickness can ensure the welding quality of the circuit board and other components, reducing the risk of welding defects and failures.

How to Select Suitable Copper Weight for PCB?

Selecting the suitable copper weight depends on several factors:

Current Carrying Capacity

Higher currents require thicker copper to prevent overheating. Calculate the required trace width and copper thickness based on the maximum current your PCB will carry.

Thermal Management

Thicker copper improves heat dissipation, essential for high-power applications. Consider the thermal requirements of your components and ensure the PCB can manage the heat effectively.

Mechanical Strength

Heavier copper can enhance the board’s structural integrity. For applications where the PCB will face mechanical stress or flexing, thicker copper provides added durability.

Cost Considerations

Thicker copper increases material costs, so balance performance needs with budget constraints. While thicker copper offers many benefits, it also comes with higher manufacturing costs. Evaluate whether the additional expense is justified for your specific application.

Signal Integrity

For high-frequency applications, maintaining signal integrity is crucial. Thicker copper can help reduce resistance and signal loss, improving overall performance.

Environmental Factors

Consider the operating environment of the PCB. For harsh conditions, thicker copper may offer better protection against corrosion and environmental stressors.

For most applications, 1 oz/ft² copper is adequate. For power electronics or where higher currents are involved, consider 2 oz/ft² or more. Consult with your PCB manufacturer for recommendations based on your specific use case. They can provide insights into the optimal copper weight for your design, considering both performance and cost-effectiveness.

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How to Read Circuit Boards and Schematics?

August 7th, 2024

How to read circuit boards and schematics is a basic skill for anyone interested in electronics. Whether you’re a beginner or a technician, knowing how to read these diagrams is crucial. In this blog, we would like to share the key points and components symbols in the PCB schematics.

How to Understand a PCB Board?

A printed circuit board is a basic of electronic components interconnected via conductive paths printed on a baseboard. We can see it everywhere. They connect and support various components using conductive tracks, pads, and other features. To understand a PCB, start by identifying its main sections: power supply, signal paths, and grounding. Look for the layout patterns, which often follow a logical flow.

Special Types of Circuit Boards

Circuit boards come in various types, each designed for specific applications and processes. Apart from the standard FR4 PCB, metal core PCB, ceramic PCB, rigid-flex PCB, there are some other special PCB uses different process. Here, we’ll explore them based on their unique manufacturing processes, including HDI, busbar, extra thin, IC substrate, high Tg, heavy copper, RF, and impedance control PCBs.

High-Density Interconnect (HDI) PCB

HDI PCBs are designed for compact and complex electronic devices. They feature higher wiring density per unit area compared to traditional PCBs. The process involves microvias, buried vias, and blind vias to create intricate pathways. HDI technology allows for more components on a smaller board, enhancing performance and reducing size. This type of PCB is commonly used in smartphones, tablets, and other high-tech gadgets. The HDI PCBs that EBest Circuit (Best Technology) can make is:

1+N+1
2+N+2
3+N+3

Busbar PCB

Busbar PCBs are specialized boards that handle high current loads efficiently. It belongs to the heavy copper PCB. They use thick copper layers to conduct electricity with minimal resistance. The busbar process involves integrating these thick copper bars within the PCB to distribute power uniformly. They are mainly used in the electric vehicles, power supplies and industrial machinery.

Extra Thin PCB

Extra thin PCBs are designed for applications where space and weight are critical constraints. These boards can be as thin as 0.2mm, allowing them to fit into slim devices like wearables and medical implants. The manufacturing process focuses on using thinner materials and precision etching techniques to achieve the desired thickness without compromising functionality.

IC Substrate PCB

IC substrate PCBs act as the base for integrated circuits (IC). They provide interconnections between the IC and the PCB. These PCBs are crucial in devices like processors, memory modules, and graphic cards, where precision and reliability are paramount.

High Tg PCB

High Tg (glass transition temperature) PCBs are designed to withstand higher temperatures. The Tg value indicates the temperature at which the PCB material transitions from a rigid to a soft state. High Tg PCBs use materials that has over 170 Tg value. So, they are widely used in automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications.

Heavy Copper PCB

Heavy copper PCBs feature significantly thicker copper layers compared to standard PCBs. The process involves plating additional copper to achieve thicknesses of 3oz/ft² or more. These boards handle high currents and thermal cycles, making them ideal for power electronics, motor controllers, and high-power distribution systems.

Radio Frequency (RF) PCB

RF PCBs are designed for high-frequency applications. They use special materials like PTFE (Teflon) to minimize signal loss and interference. This kind of PCB always requires precise control over dielectric thickness and conductor widths to make sure optimal signal integrity. RF PCBs are essential in communication devices, radar systems, and microwave equipment.

What Do the Numbers on a Circuit Boards Mean?

Numbers and letters on a circuit board represent component values, reference designators, and sometimes manufacturing codes. Reference designators (like R for resistors, C for capacitors) help identify each component. The numbers often indicate the order of placement or specific values (e.g., R1, R2 for the first and second resistors).

In addition, some designers prefer to design series number on the PCB board, like 202400001…202400002. For this kind of numbers, they are always aim to easy identification during the assembly or testing.

How to Read Circuit Boards?

Reading a circuit board involves several steps. First, familiarize yourself with the board’s layout and components. Identify key parts such as the microcontroller, resistors, capacitors, and connectors. Trace the pathways or traces to understand the connections. Use the reference designators to match components with their schematic symbols.

Electronic symbols follow standardized guidelines to ensure consistency. The most common standards include IEEE, IEC, and ANSI. These symbols represent various components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transistors.

VCC – the positive power supply.
GND – ground or negative power supply.
R – resistor.
C – capacitor.
L – inductor.
Q – transistor or field-effect transistor (FET).
JP – connector or plug/socket.
IC – integrated circuit or chip.
+ / – – input/output terminals of a signal.
NC – no connection or an unused pin.

How Do You Read a Circuit Schematic for Beginners?

Read circuit diagram drawings can be consulted by experienced masters. Generally, the first look when reading a circuit schematic is look at the main loop. And then look at the control loop, the control loop requirements are from top to bottom or from left to right. The circuit diagram mainly consists of four parts: component symbol, connection, node and comment/note.

1. Component Symbols

These represent the actual components in the circuit. Their shapes may not resemble the actual components and can even be completely different. However, they generally indicate the characteristics of the components, and the number of pins matches the actual components.

2. Connections

These represent the wires in the actual circuit. While they appear as lines in the schematic, they are often not lines but various shapes of copper foil blocks on commonly used printed circuit boards (PCBs). For example, many connections in a radio schematic may not be line-shaped on the PCB but rather in specific shapes of copper film.

3. Nodes

These indicate the connections between multiple component pins or wires. All component pins and wires connected to a node are conductive, regardless of the number.

4. Comment/note

These are very important in a schematic. All the text in the schematic can be classified as notes. A close look at the schematics reveals annotations everywhere, used to indicate component models, names, and other information.

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