Archive for the ‘FAQ’ Category

Tuesday, July 1st, 2025

High speed PCB routing plays a critical role in signal integrity, system performance, and EMI control. When designing boards that operate at higher frequencies or faster edge rates, simple routing mistakes can lead to severe issues—such as signal reflections, timing delays, and crosstalk.

To help engineers and designers avoid these common pitfalls, we’ve outlined the 11 most effective high-speed PCB routing practices to keep your circuits stable and reliable.

1. Use Short and Direct Signal Paths

In high-speed designs, longer traces become transmission lines. This causes delays and possible signal degradation. The longer the path, the more distortion your signal might encounter. That’s why you should keep all critical nets—like clocks, differential pairs, and high-speed data lines—as short and direct as possible.

For example, a 2-inch trace might seem negligible, but at 5Gbps speeds, even a small delay could impact timing budgets. The best routing practice is to go from point A to point B without meandering.

2. Maintain Controlled Impedance

High-speed signals don’t just travel—they reflect if the impedance isn’t consistent. This is where controlled impedance routing comes in. You need to maintain a specific impedance value (typically 50Ω for single-ended or 100Ω for differential signals).

To achieve this:

Choose the correct trace width based on the PCB stackup.
Keep dielectric thickness uniform.
Avoid inconsistent copper weights.

Best Technology helps you calculate and verify impedance before production using simulation tools and TDR measurements.

3. Avoid 90-Degree Trace Bends

Sharp bends look neat, but at high frequencies, they act like mini antennas. A 90-degree corner changes the trace width at the bend, creating impedance discontinuity and increasing EMI.

Instead of sharp corners, route traces using:

Two 45-degree angles
Or a smooth arc

This method maintains uniform impedance, reduces reflections, and looks cleaner from a manufacturing standpoint.

4. Implement Solid and Continuous Ground Planes

Every signal needs a return path, and that path usually travels directly under the trace on the ground plane. If that plane is broken or has cutouts, the return path becomes longer and induces unwanted noise.

To fix this:

Place a solid, unbroken ground plane beneath high-speed layers.
Avoid crossing plane splits with high-speed signals.
Minimize layer transitions that force return paths to detour.

Best Technology uses dedicated ground planes and simulation validation to ensure return paths are uninterrupted.

5. Match Lengths of Differential Pairs

Differential pairs, such as USB, HDMI, or LVDS lines, must be length-matched to prevent signal skew. If one trace is longer than the other, the timing mismatch can cause errors.

Some tips:

Match lengths to within a few mils.
Maintain consistent spacing (edge-to-edge).
Route them together, avoiding different layers unless absolutely needed.

At Best Technology, we support tight differential pair matching down to ±5 mil during production.

6. Minimize the Use of Vias

Every via adds capacitance and inductance, which degrades signal quality. High-speed signals don’t like jumping between layers unless absolutely necessary.

If you must use vias:

Keep them short and consistent.
Avoid unnecessary layer transitions.
Use via stitching to maintain continuous return paths.

Our engineering team optimizes via placement and offers blind and buried vias for complex HDI boards to reduce signal loss.

7. Use Proper Termination Techniques

Termination prevents reflections and stabilizes high-speed signals. Whether it’s series, parallel, or AC termination, it depends on your driver and load setup.

For instance:

Series termination works well for point-to-point connections.
Parallel termination helps in multi-drop setups.

Improper termination can cause overshoot, ringing, or logic errors. We assist customers in selecting proper termination resistors during DFM review.

8. Isolate Analog and Digital Grounds

Mixing analog and digital signals is risky. Digital circuits generate switching noise that can interfere with sensitive analog components.

Good layout practices include:

Keeping analog and digital circuits physically separated.
Avoiding crossover between analog and digital return paths.
Using ground islands connected at a single point if necessary.

Our layout reviews always evaluate signal isolation to avoid interference in mixed-signal boards.

9. Route Differential Pairs Together

Differential pairs must be routed together, in parallel, and on the same layer. If one signal strays away or loops, it creates an imbalance, which defeats the benefit of differential signaling.

Also:

Avoid routing them across split planes.
Keep them tightly coupled (consistent spacing).
Avoid fan-out unless necessary at termination points.

Our advanced PCB manufacturing equipment keeps tight trace spacing and alignment even on high-density interconnects (HDI).

10. Observe Return Current Paths

High-speed return currents don’t follow the shortest path—they follow the path of least inductance, usually right beneath the trace.

Interrupting that path causes:

Ground loops
Crosstalk
Increased EMI

To prevent this:

Avoid crossing plane splits with signal traces.
Use stitching vias to keep the return path near.
Place decoupling capacitors close to where the signal changes layer.

We validate return paths during layout verification using signal integrity tools.

11. Use Stitching Capacitors and Ground Vias

To suppress high-frequency noise and EMI:

Use stitching capacitors between power and ground.
Place ground vias near signal transitions and connectors.
These components act like firewalls, keeping noise from traveling across the board.

We help customers determine the best placement for decoupling caps and ground stitching to maintain signal purity.

Why Trust Best Technology for Your High-Speed PCB Projects?

At Best Technology, we specialize in advanced PCB manufacturing and assembly solutions, supporting industries like automotive, aerospace, medical, and telecom. With ISO-certifications, we bring rigorous quality control to every project.

Since its establishment in 2006 as a printed circuit board manufacturer, Best Technology has focused on high-quality, low to medium-volume PCB fabrication, PCB assembly and electronics manufacturing. Our products and services include 1-40 layers printed circuit boards, thru-hole assembly, SMT assembly including BGA assembly, components sourcing, turnkey box build and electronic product development. Whether you need quick-turn prototypes or volume production with controlled impedance, we’re your reliable partner in high-speed design.

Want Reliable High-Speed PCBs? Contact Best Technology Today!

High-speed PCB design is more than just routing—it’s about understanding physics, signal behavior, and layout strategy. At Best Technology, we not only manufacture your boards, but also optimize them for real-world performance.

Whether you need HDI PCBs, controlled impedance, differential pair routing, or quick prototypes, our team is ready to help.

👉 Let’s turn your next design into a high-speed success. Contact us now to get a quote or design consultation!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is considered a high-speed signal in PCB design?

Any signal with a rise/fall time below 1ns or operating above 100MHz is considered high-speed, as it starts behaving like a transmission line.

2. Can I use auto-routing for high-speed signals?

Auto-routers are not recommended for high-speed nets. Manual routing provides better control over trace length, impedance, and matching.

3. What is skew in differential pairs?

Skew refers to the time delay between the two signals in a differential pair. Skew can cause data errors and must be minimized.

4. How do I calculate trace impedance?

Trace impedance depends on trace width, thickness, dielectric height, and PCB material. Use online calculators or simulation tools like Polar or Altium.

5. Can I run high-speed signals on outer layers?

It’s better to route high-speed signals on internal layers between solid ground planes to reduce EMI and maintain impedance.

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PCB Routing Angle Rules: 45-Degree Angle Vs 90-Degree Angle

Tuesday, July 1st, 2025

In PCB layout design, routing angles have a direct impact on signal integrity, manufacturing quality, and overall board performance. The two most common routing angles—45-degree and 90-degree—have long been debated among engineers and designers. While both have their uses, the choice between them depends on electrical performance, fabrication processes, and design goals.

This blog explores the differences between 45-degree and 90-degree routing angles. We’ll break down how each angle affects your board’s reliability, signal flow, and manufacturability. You’ll also get practical insights into when and why to choose one over the other.

PCB Routing Angle Rules: 45-Degree Angle Vs 90-Degree Angle

Why Routing Angles Matter in PCB Design?

Routing angles may seem like a minor detail, but they carry more weight than you might expect. When copper traces change direction sharply, it impacts how current flows through the circuit. This is especially critical for high-speed and high-frequency designs. Uneven trace transitions can cause reflections, impedance discontinuity, and even signal degradation.

Aside from performance, routing angles influence how easy it is to manufacture, etch, and inspect the board. Smooth routing not only helps the signals but also improves the final product’s consistency and durability.

What Is a 90-Degree Routing Angle?

A 90-degree angle in PCB routing refers to a sharp right-angle corner where a trace takes a turn. It is often called a right-angle bend and used mostly in older or simpler PCB layouts.

Characteristics:

Easy to draw and route.
Common in low-frequency, analog, or single-layer PCBs.
Produces a clear, angular look on CAD tools.

Despite its simplicity, the 90-degree bend has downsides when it comes to electrical performance and manufacturing precision, which we’ll explore in detail later.

What Is a 45-Degree Routing Angle?

A 45-degree angle is a more gradual, beveled bend in PCB traces. Instead of a sharp corner, the trace changes direction at an angle, forming a smoother path. Some layouts even use two 45-degree bends to make a soft curve.

Characteristics:

Smoother current flow.
Reduced signal reflection.
Preferred for high-speed and high-frequency circuits.

Many modern CAD tools default to 45-degree routing due to its positive effect on signal integrity and trace etching quality.

Main Differences Between 45-Degree and 90-Degree Angles

Feature	45-Degree Angle	90-Degree Angle
Signal Integrity	Better, due to smooth transitions	Worse, due to corner reflections
EMI/EMC	Lower emissions	Higher emissions
Manufacturing	Easier to etch; fewer defects	Etch traps can form at corners
Trace Length	Slightly longer	Shorter, more direct
CAD Complexity	Slightly harder to route manually	Very easy to route
Aesthetic & Professionalism	Industry standard for high-speed	Looks dated in modern designs

Why 90-Degree Angles Can Be a Problem?

1. Impedance Discontinuity

Sharp corners create impedance mismatches that disrupt uniform signal travel. This is especially noticeable in controlled impedance traces, where precision is key. Signal reflection at a 90-degree turn can distort waveforms and cause errors in communication lines.

2. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

A sharp angle acts like a small antenna. This increases electromagnetic emissions, which may lead to your product failing EMI compliance tests. It also raises the risk of cross-talk in dense layouts.

3. Etching Defects

During fabrication, etching around a sharp 90-degree corner can cause acid traps, where chemical etchants get stuck and over-etch the copper. This can weaken the trace or cause open circuits.

4. Signal Reflection

Right-angle bends can cause signal reflection and ringing, particularly at high frequencies. This distorts the signal waveform and affects timing, which is critical in fast digital or RF systems.

Why 45-Degree Routing Is Widely Used?

The use of 45-degree routing in PCB design has become a standard practice in the industry. While older layouts sometimes featured sharp 90-degree angles for simplicity, most modern PCB designs now adopt 45-degree bends. Below are the key factors that explain why 45-degree routing is widely used.

1. Smoother Signal Transitions

In high-speed PCB designs, signal integrity is everything. Signals travel along copper traces like waves, and any abrupt direction change can reflect or distort the waveform. A 90-degree corner creates a sudden path change, which introduces a small but sharp discontinuity.

2. Lower Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a growing concern in today’s electronics, especially in wireless and communication systems. Sharp trace corners such as 90-degree bends tend to behave like antennas. They concentrate electric fields and can emit higher levels of radiation, contributing to EMI. Designs that follow 45-degree routing are more likely to pass EMI compliance tests and meet international standards for electromagnetic compatibility.

3. Improved Manufacturability

From a manufacturing point of view, sharp corners can introduce several problems. During the etching process, chemical etchants used to remove unwanted copper may get trapped in 90-degree corners. These are known as acid traps. They can lead to over-etching, where too much copper is removed, or even undercutting, which weakens the trace at the bend.

4. Better Heat Distribution

Although routing angles don’t directly affect thermal conductivity, trace shapes can influence heat flow, especially in power boards. Smooth traces, like those formed with 45-degree bends, allow more even heat distribution along the path. Sharp corners may act as stress points where heat can build up, potentially weakening the copper over time.

5. Supports High-Speed and RF Design Standards

High-speed digital and RF designs demand strict control over trace geometry, impedance, and layout structure. In such designs, even minor trace irregularities can lead to signal degradation, noise coupling, or timing issues. Most high-speed PCB design guidelines—such as those for DDR memory, USB 3.0, HDMI, or RF transceivers—explicitly discourage the use of 90-degree angles.

How to Avoid 90-Degree Angles in PCB Design?

Most PCB layout software supports angle snapping, which makes it easy to design 45-degree routes. Here are a few tips:

Use 45-degree snap mode in your routing tool.
Use arc routing for smoother transitions in sensitive areas.
Double-bend technique: Instead of a single 90-degree, use two 45-degree bends to redirect the trace.

Check your DRC (Design Rule Check) for right-angle warnings if available.

PCB CAD Tools That Help With Angle Rules

CAD Software	Routing Features
Altium Designer	45-degree snap, arc routing, right-angle DRC checks
KiCad	Push-and-shove routing with 45-degree control
EAGLE	Adjustable angle routing; user can disable 90-degree
OrCAD	Precision routing tools for high-speed design
EasyEDA	Snap-to-45 built-in, ideal for quick layouts

Industry Standards and Best Practices

Several industry guidelines recommend using 45-degree angles, especially for high-speed circuits. Some key takeaways:

IPC standards encourage smooth trace transitions.
Many RF and microwave design rules prohibit 90-degree bends.
Professional board reviewers often flag right angles as poor practice.

Following these standards doesn’t just improve performance—it also gives clients and manufacturers confidence in your designs.

Common Myths About Routing Angles

Myth 1: 90-Degree Bends Always Break the Signal

Not always. If you’re working with low-speed signals or power lines, the impact is negligible. The problem grows with frequency, edge rate, and sensitive signals.

Myth 2: 45-Degree Routing Takes More Space

It may take a tiny bit more space, but not enough to justify poor signal integrity. Most modern designs can accommodate 45-degree bends with minor effort.

Myth 3: 90-Degree Angles Are Cheaper to Fabricate

Not true. They can actually increase manufacturing costs due to over-etch risks or inspection failures.

Why Choose Best Technology for PCB Design and Manufacturing?

At Best Technology, we go beyond just making PCBs. We help you design better boards from the start. Whether you’re routing high-speed digital signals or managing dense analog layouts, our engineering team follows best practices—including angle rules—to improve your product’s performance.

We are certified under ISO9001, ISO13485, IATF16949, and AS9100D, with an MES system that ensures traceability and quality control. We specialize in both standard and complex PCB manufacturing, including HDI, RF, and metal-core designs.

Contact Us Today

If you need help with routing strategy or want high-quality PCB production, our team is ready. From prototype to volume production, we can support your needs with fast delivery, quality control, and engineering guidance.

📩 Reach out now to get your quote and talk to our experts.

FAQs

1. Do 90-degree angles always cause EMI issues?

Not always. At low frequencies, the impact is minimal. But in high-speed or RF designs, they can be problematic.

2. Is 45-degree routing mandatory for all traces?

It’s not mandatory, but it’s highly recommended for signal traces, especially in complex or fast designs.

3. Can I use rounded corners instead of 45-degree angles?

Yes. Rounded corners are even better for very high-speed signals but may increase layout complexity.

4. Are 90-degree bends allowed in power planes?

Yes. Since power planes don’t carry high-speed signals, 90-degree turns are generally safe there.

5. How can I check for right angles in my layout?

Use your PCB tool’s DRC (Design Rule Check) to scan for sharp angles or manual review if needed.

Tags:45 degreen routing, pcb routing angle rules, pcb routing desig
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Happy 19th Anniversary to Best Technology!!!

Monday, June 30th, 2025

Last Saturday, Jun 28^th, 2025, we are thrilled to celebrate the 19th anniversary of Best Technology both in our factory and office. It has been an inspiring journey of innovation, perseverance, and continuous growth since our company was officially established on June 28, 2006, in Hong Kong. What started as a small team with a single product line has now become a leading printed circuit board (PCB) and assembly service provider trusted by hundreds of global customers.

Our Growth Capability

In the early days, Best Technology focused on producing metal dome switches, with only one staff member and a very small office. Our scale was small, but our vision was big: to become a reliable, long-term PCB manufacturing partner that values quality, precision, and speed.

As time passed, our capabilities matured. We gradually expanded our product lines from metal domes to FR4 PCBs, Heavy Copper PCBs, Flexible Circuits (FPC), Rigid-Flex PCBs, Metal Core PCBs (MCPCBs), Ceramic PCBs and built a SMT factory, aiming to provide customer with one-stop service. Today, we are proud to support a wide range of industries including automotive, medical, aerospace, LED lighting, industrial control, power electronics, and many more.

Solid Team Backed us

One of our most valuable assets is our people. From a single founder Peter to a dedicated team of over 100 skilled professionals, our growth has been powered by individuals who care deeply about every board we produce. Most of our engineers and production staff have over 10 years of experience, enabling us to tackle even the most complex and high-precision PCB projects. Here are some our office staff.

To support increasing demand and advanced technical requirements, we’ve continually invested in state-of-the-art production equipment and testing instruments. Today, we operate dozens of machines that help us deliver:

20 OZ heavy copper PCBs
4-layer metal core PCBs
High-frequency Rogers and Taconic boards
Controlled impedance multilayers
Quick-turn prototypes within 24 hours

With over 260,000 square feet of monthly production capacity and a strict ISO9001, ISO13485, IATF16949, and AS9100D certified quality system, we ensure our boards meet the highest international standards.

Growing Together with Global Customers

As we’ve grown, so has our customer base. From serving a handful of clients locally, we now support hundreds of customers across Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania. Many of our customers are long-term partners who appreciate our fast delivery, consistent quality, and professional engineering support.

We are especially proud to have built strong relationships with companies in medical electronics, military and defense systems, communication devices, and green energy products, helping them bring reliable and high-performance solutions to market.

We Offer Turnkey PCB Solutions

Best Technology is not just a PCB manufacturing. We’re a one-stop solution provider. Over the past 19 years, we’ve expanded our services to include:

PCB duplication and layout
Engineering and process design
Component sourcing and BOM management
In-house SMT and DIP assembly
Full system integration and final product assembly

This comprehensive capability allows us to assist customers from initial concept to final product shipment, saving them time, cost, and communication hassle.

Looking Back with Pride, Looking Ahead with Confidence

Nineteen years may sound like a long time, but for us, this is only the beginning. With each passing year, we’ve learned, improved, and evolved. From manual operations to fully digitized and MES-monitored workflows, from domestic sales to a global footprint, Best Technology has transformed into a modern, competitive, and customer-focused enterprise.

We are grateful to every employee who contributed to our growth, and to every customer who chose to trust us. Your continued support is the reason we are here today, celebrating this special milestone.

As we look forward to the future, we remain committed to:

Continuous innovation
Advanced manufacturing capabilities
Rigorous quality control
Flexible and responsive customer service

Thank You for Being Part of Our 19-Year Journey

We believe that the best is yet to come. As we step into our 20th year, we invite you to grow with us, explore new ideas together, and build even stronger partnerships.

Whether you need standard FR4 PCBs, high-power heavy copper boards, high-frequency circuits, or custom PCB assembly solutions — Best Technology is always ready to be your reliable manufacturing partner.

👉 Have a project in mind? Contact us today to find out how we can help bring your vision to life.

Happy 19th Anniversary to all of us at Best Technology!

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Basic Electron Devices and Circuits

Friday, June 27th, 2025

Electron devices and circuits are the foundation of modern electronics. From smartphones and computers to medical scanners and satellite systems, these components quietly manage the flow of electricity behind the scenes. This blog explores how they work, what types exist, and how they power the electronic world around us.

What Are Electron Devices?

Electron devices are components that either control, modify, or amplify electrical signals. These devices rely on the movement of electrons to function and are used in countless applications, from simple toys to complex industrial machinery. Their job is to manage electrical energy in ways that produce useful output—such as turning on lights, processing data, or amplifying sound.

At their core, electron devices convert electrical energy into other forms or modify electrical signals to perform a specific function. Without them, modern electronic systems wouldn’t be possible.

Types of Electronic Devices

Each electronic component has specific properties that determine how it behaves in a circuit. The choice of components depends on the designer’s goal and the function the circuit is meant to perform. The image below highlights common electronic components used across various types of circuits. To better understand their roles, components are generally classified into two categories: Active Components and Passive Components.

1. Active Devices

Active devices can control current flow and even amplify weak electrical signals. These devices require an external power source to operate. Some common active devices include:

Transistors: Used in amplifiers and switches.
Diodes: Let current flow in one direction.
Integrated Circuits (ICs): Tiny packages that contain complex electronic functions.

Active devices are central to any system that processes signals, computes information, or boosts communication signals.

2. Passive Devices

Passive devices do not generate energy. Instead, they store, dissipate, or transfer it. Common examples include:

Resistors: Limit the flow of current.
Capacitors: Store and release electrical energy.
Inductors: Resist sudden changes in current.

These components support the work of active devices and help shape how signals behave in a circuit.

What Are the 5 Basic Electronic Devices?

The five basic devices you’ll find in nearly every circuit are:

Resistor

Resistors manage the current flowing through different parts of a circuit. They help in dividing voltage, controlling signal levels, and protecting components from excessive current.

Capacitor

Capacitors store electrical charge temporarily. They’re used in filtering noise, smoothing power supply outputs, and creating time delays.

Inductor

Inductors store energy in a magnetic field when current flows through them. They’re commonly used in filters, power supplies, and transformers.

Diode

Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction. They are essential in power rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation.

Transistor

Transistors act as switches or amplifiers. They control the flow of current and are fundamental to logic circuits and digital electronics.

How Do Electronic Devices Work?

Each electronic device has a specific function based on its physical and electrical characteristics:

Resistors slow down current.
Capacitors store energy in an electric field.
Inductors build magnetic fields.
Diodes control direction.
Transistors regulate and amplify signals.

Together, these devices shape how electricity behaves inside a circuit. When connected in specific arrangements, they form circuits capable of performing tasks like amplifying a sound, storing digital information, or controlling a motor.

What Are Electronic Circuits?

An electronic circuit is a system of connected components that guide electrical currents to perform a specific job. These circuits can be as simple as a battery lighting an LED or as complex as the logic boards inside a computer.

Circuits make electronic devices work by controlling where and how electricity flows. Each component in the circuit has a role—some store energy, others shape signals, and some respond to external inputs like light or sound.

Types of Electronic Circuits

Electronic circuits come in a few major types, depending on how they handle signals:

Analog Circuits

Analog circuits work with continuous signals. They are used in audio systems, radio receivers, and temperature sensors. They process real-world inputs like sound or light.

Digital Circuits

Digital circuits work with binary signals (0s and 1s). They form the backbone of computers, smartphones, and digital watches. Logic gates and microcontrollers are key components.

Mixed-Signal Circuits

These combine analog and digital elements. Examples include digital audio converters, embedded controllers, and power management circuits.

Key Components in Electronics Circuits

A functioning circuit depends on a combination of components, each with a distinct role:

Power Supply: Provides the necessary voltage and current.
Resistors: Manage current flow and protect sensitive parts.
Capacitors & Inductors: Shape or filter signals and manage timing.
Diodes & Transistors: Control signal direction, switching, and amplification.
Integrated Circuits (ICs): Combine multiple components in one small package for complex functions.
Switches, Connectors & PCBs: Physically support and route current throughout the system.

All these parts are arranged on a printed circuit board (PCB), which provides the mechanical structure and electrical connections.

How to Design an Electronic Circuit?

Designing a circuit starts with a clear goal. Once the purpose is defined, follow these steps:

Outline Your Requirements: What do you want the circuit to do?
Create a Schematic: Use circuit design software to build the layout using symbols for each component.
Select Components: Choose values for resistors, capacitors, etc., based on your requirements.
Simulate the Circuit: Check how it behaves using tools like LTspice or Proteus.
Build a Prototype: Use a breadboard or PCB to assemble and test your design.
Test & Debug: Measure voltages and currents to confirm it works as expected.
Final Layout: Once tested, you can design a PCB for the final version.

Even simple circuits need careful planning, as incorrect wiring or value choices can lead to failure or inefficiency.

Common Measurement Devices for Electronic Circuits

To check and troubleshoot circuits, engineers use various tools:

Multimeter: Measures voltage, current, and resistance. Essential for almost any testing.
Oscilloscope: Displays how signals change over time—helpful for analyzing waveforms.
LCR Meter: Measures inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R).
Logic Analyzer: Helps in debugging digital signals and timing issues.

These devices ensure that the circuit performs properly under different conditions.

Applications of Electron Devices and Circuits

Electron devices and circuits power virtually all technology we use today. Here are a few major application areas:

Consumer Electronics: Televisions, phones, game consoles, and home appliances all rely on sophisticated circuits.
Automotive Systems: Used in engine control units (ECUs), ABS brakes, GPS modules, and more.
Medical Devices: Circuits manage everything from heart monitors to imaging systems.
Telecommunications: Signal boosters, routers, and network devices depend on electronic components.
Industrial Equipment: Used in automation, robotics, and machine control systems.
Defense & Aerospace: Critical in radar systems, flight control computers, and satellite communications.

No matter the industry, the role of electron devices and circuits is critical in innovation, performance, and safety. Whether you’re a student, hobbyist, or professional, grasping how circuits function and how devices interact is essential to designing or repairing electronic equipment.

For those looking to build reliable circuit boards or need help bringing their electronic designs to life, partnering with an expert manufacturer is key.

Why Choose Best Technology for Electronic Circuit Projects?

Best Technology is a trusted PCB manufacturer specializing in both prototype and volume production. With ISO-certifications, our team ensures your circuits meet international standards. Whether you need rigid PCBs, flexible circuits, or mixed-signal board assemblies, we help turn your ideas into high-quality products—on time and within budget. By choosing Best Technology, you can enjoy:

1. Fast Turnaround from Prototype to Mass Production

We help you move quickly from design to final product. Whether it’s a first-run prototype or a full production batch, we adapt to your schedule and keep your project on track.

2. Hands-On Engineering Support

Our experienced engineers work with you on component selection, stack-up optimization, and layout suggestions—helping you avoid design flaws before production begins.

3. High Customization, No Fear of Complexity

Need a non-standard stack-up, hybrid materials, or bendable structures? We handle complex builds with confidence and tailor every detail to match your design requirements.

4. Clear Quotes and On-Time Delivery

Our pricing is transparent, and our timelines are realistic. Dedicated project coordinators provide regular updates, so you’re never left guessing.

5. Quality is a Daily Practice, Not Just a Promise

We don’t just inspect a few boards—we test every unit. From flying probe tests to X-ray and AOI, our quality process ensures every board performs reliably.

FAQs

1. What’s the difference between an electronic and electrical device?

Electronic devices use the flow of electrons to process signals, while electrical devices typically handle power distribution and energy conversion.

2. Can I build electronic circuits without a PCB?

Yes, prototypes are often built on breadboards or perfboards, but PCBs are used for stability and durability in final products.

3. What software is best for circuit design?

Popular tools include KiCad, Eagle, Altium Designer, and Proteus for simulation and layout.

4. What is the most common cause of circuit failure?

Overheating, poor soldering, incorrect component values, or voltage surges are common failure causes.

5. How do I start learning electronics as a beginner?

Start with basic components, build simple circuits using breadboards, and gradually move to microcontroller projects using kits like Arduino or Raspberry Pi.

Tags:electron devices and circuits
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Flexible Foldable PCB: Types, Advantages & Applications

Thursday, June 26th, 2025

Foldable PCB technology has changed how engineers design compact and flexible electronics. From smartphones that fold in half to medical devices that wrap around the body, a foldable PCB board helps make these designs possible. Unlike traditional rigid boards, these PCBs bend or twist without breaking. They save space, reduce weight, and often need fewer connectors.

In this blog, we’ll explore different types of foldable PCBs, their pros and cons, where they’re used, and why certain types—like bendable aluminum—cost more. We’ll also share the key design tips and how to find a reliable foldable PCB manufacturer for your next project.

What is a Foldable PCB?

A foldable PCB is a printed circuit board designed to bend, flex, or fold without damaging the electrical pathways. These PCBs are made using flexible materials like polyimide or specially treated FR4. They are often thin, light, and durable, which makes them useful in tight or moving spaces.

Unlike rigid boards, foldable PCBs can take on 3D shapes. They can be used in hinges, curves, or tight enclosures where a regular FR4 PCB won’t fit. These designs cut down on cables and connectors, making the device smaller, lighter, and more reliable.

Foldable PCB Types

Foldable PCBs come in several forms. Each has its own strength and is used in different applications.

Flexible Circuits

This is the most common flexible circuits, called FPC as well. These use a thin polyimide film instead of standard fiberglass. They can bend freely in any direction and are ideal for cameras, printers, wearables, and foldable phones. They’re often single-sided but can be multilayered.

Rigid-Flex PCBs

A rigid-flex PCB combines the best of both worlds—rigid sections for stable component mounting and flexible areas to allow folding. These are popular in complex devices like military gear, satellites, and high-end medical tools.

Semi-Flexible PCBs

Semi-flexible PCB uses a flexible version of standard FR4. It’s bendable only once or twice during installation. It’s cheaper than flex PCBs but more limited. You’ll find these in LED modules or automotive electronics where minor bending is needed.

Bendable Aluminum PCBs

Bendable aluminum boards use aluminum cores with bendable material series. They are mostly used in LED strips, vehicle lighting, or static fold setups. While they aren’t as flexible as polyimide boards, they handle heat well and provide strong mechanical support.

Advantages of Foldable PCBs

Saves space: They fit in tight spots and allow for creative layouts.
Reduces weight: Ideal for portable or wearable devices.
Fewer connectors: Fewer mechanical connections mean fewer failure points.
Shock resistance: Flex PCBs can absorb vibrations better than rigid ones.
Better reliability: Strong signal paths without added cables.

Disadvantages of Foldable PCBs

Higher cost: Especially true for rigid-flex or aluminum options.
Complex design: Requires careful layout and material selection.
Bending fatigue: Repeated flexing can wear out traces over time.
Limited layer options: Fewer layers compared to rigid boards.

Foldable PCB Applications

Foldable PCB boards are now used across many industries thanks to their size and flexibility. Common applications include:

Smartphones and tablets: Especially foldable or flip models.
Wearable devices: Smartwatches, health bands, or fitness trackers.
Medical devices: Flexible sensors, hearing aids, or body patches.
LED lighting systems: Flexible LED strips, curved lighting, or signage.
Automotive interiors: For dashboards, control panels, and ambient lighting.
Consumer electronics: Cameras, game controllers, or fold-out gadgets.
Aerospace and military: Lightweight systems that must handle vibration.

Why Bendable Aluminum PCB Costs More Than Flexible Circuits?

You might notice that bendable aluminum PCBs often cost more than regular flexible circuits. Here’s why:

Material cost: Aluminum cores and dielectric layers used in bendable boards are more expensive than polyimide film used in flex PCBs.
Thermal performance: These boards are built for high-heat environments, so they require special treatment and thermal interface materials.
Machining difficulty: Bending metal without damaging the circuit paths takes precision and specialized tools.
Lower yield rate: These boards are harder to process in large volumes, especially when custom bending angles are needed.

So while bendable aluminum PCBs offer great heat management and durability, their manufacturing process drives up the cost compared to standard flexible circuits.

Design Considerations of Foldable PCB Board

When designing a foldable PCB, there are several rules to follow:

Bend radius: Always keep the bend radius at least 6 to 10 times the board thickness to avoid cracks or delamination.
Trace layout: Avoid sharp corners or 90-degree bends in traces, especially in flexible sections. Use curved paths for less stress.
Stress relief: Add slots or wider copper pads in flex areas to reduce strain.
Material selection: Choose polyimide for high flex use or semi-flex FR4 for limited bends. For heat-heavy setups, use bendable aluminum.
Stack-up planning: Place sensitive components away from fold zones. Keep fewer layers in the flex area to maintain reliability.
Bending direction: Plan the layout to avoid stress on solder joints or component leads when the board is bent.

Designing for foldability takes extra care, but it pays off in product performance and durability.

Where to Find a Foldable PCB Manufacturer?

If you’re building devices with foldable designs, it’s important to work with a manufacturer that understands the details. Here’s what to look for:

Specialized experience: Choose a factory with proven capability in flex, rigid-flex, and semi-flex designs.
Engineering support: You’ll need layout reviews, DFM checks, and prototyping advice.
Clean production: Flex and bendable PCBs need precise etching and lamination in controlled environments.

Best Technology is one of the leading manufacturers offering complete support for foldable PCB boards. At Best Technology, “Total Customer Satisfaction” is our goal, and it is the core of Best Technology’s operation as a PCB manufacturer. Procurement, sales, engineering, manufacturing, inventory, and quality have the same common goal of ensuring directly or indirectly “Total Customer Satisfaction”. We provide flexible circuit production, rigid-flex builds, and even custom aluminum-based PCBs for thermal control. With our ERP traceability system and professional engineering team, we help clients go from prototype to mass production with speed and reliability.

Call To Action

Get in touch with us today for a quick quote or engineering consultation—we’ll help bring your folding design to life.

FAQs

Q1: Can foldable PCBs be reused after bending?

Some types, like polyimide flex circuits, can bend thousands of times. Others, like semi-flex or bendable aluminum PCBs, are designed for limited bending during assembly.

Q2: What’s the lifespan of a flexible PCB?

With proper design, a flex circuit can last over a million bending cycles. It depends on material, bend radius, and stress exposure.

Q3: Are foldable PCBs safe for high-current applications?

Yes, with the right trace width and copper thickness. However, heat management and durability must be carefully planned.

Q4: Can I mount heavy components on the flexible part?

No. Heavy or rigid components should be placed on the rigid or reinforced sections to avoid stress damage.

Q5: How fast can I get a foldable PCB prototype?

At Best Technology, we offer fast-turn prototyping in as little as 5–7 working days, depending on design complexity.

When you’re ready to build a reliable and high-performance foldable circuit, Best Technology is here to help. Our expert team, quality certifications, and full-service support make us the go-to foldable PCB manufacturer in China.

Tags:flexible circuit, foldable pcb
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ, FR4 PCB | No Comments »

What is DTP MCPCB? DTP Copper MCPCB Structure

Wednesday, June 25th, 2025

A DTP MCPCB, or Direct Thermal Path Metal Core PCB, also known sinkpad MCPCB, is a type of printed circuit board designed for high-power and high-heat applications. It helps electronics stay cool and stable, even under heavy loads. Compared to standard MCPCBs, DTP PCBs offer better thermal transfer and stronger mechanical support. Many industries, including LED, power supply, automotive, and telecom, now prefer DTP copper MCPCBs for reliable performance.

In this blog, we’ll explain what DTP means, its features, structure, design tips, manufacturing process, and how it fits into modern electronics.

What Is DTP and Its Features?

DTP stands for Direct Thermal Path. It refers to a design where heat moves directly from hot components to the metal base without many thermal barriers. This path lowers thermal resistance and keeps components cooler.

Main Features of DTP:

Direct connection between heat source and metal base
Higher heat dissipation than traditional MCPCBs
Stronger thermal conductivity through thick copper or copper convexity
Better reliability in high-power circuits
Long-lasting even under thermal cycling and vibration

This structure reduces the chance of overheating, which helps the whole system run longer and safer.

DTP Copper MCPCB Structure

A DTP copper MCPCB uses a raised copper structure (called a copper convexity or copper boss) formed directly on the metal base. This convex feature aligns under the heat source, typically a power component like a MOSFET or high-wattage LED. The DTP copper PCB layers are:

Top Layer: Copper trace for electrical routing
Dielectric Layer: High thermal conductivity insulation
Copper Convexity: Directly contacts both the component and the base
Metal Base: Usually aluminum or copper for heat spreading

Its stackup layers is:

This design bypasses traditional insulation layers and allows heat to flow directly into the metal core.

DTP MCPCB vs Traditional MCPCB

Standard MCPCBs have a thin dielectric layer between the copper trace and the metal base. This layer adds thermal resistance. In contrast, a DTP PCB reduces this resistance by forming a direct path between the component and the base metal using copper convexities.

Feature	DTP MCPCB	Traditional MCPCB
Heat Transfer	Direct (through copper convexity)	Through dielectric
Thermal Resistance	Very Low	Medium
Use Case	High-power, LED, EV, power supply	General LED, moderate power
Cost	Higher	Lower
Performance	Excellent	Good

Where Are DTP PCBs Used?

DTP MCPCBs are perfect for any application where heat is a big issue. They’re now standard in many thermal-critical products. The main applications including:

High-power LED lighting
Power supplies and inverters
Electric vehicles (EVs) and battery packs
RF and telecom base stations
Solar energy systems
Laser modules and sensors

Whenever components get hot and space is tight, DTP copper MCPCBs offer a smart solution.

Tips for MCPCB Design with DTP Structure

Designing a DTP PCB requires special attention to thermal paths, layout, and material selection.

Place heat-generating components directly over copper convexities
Use high-conductivity dielectric materials to keep thermal resistance low
Align thermal vias with component pads for effective heat flow
Choose a suitable base material: aluminum for cost, copper for performance
Ensure planarity and flatness for solid thermal contact

A carefully designed DTP MCPCB handles more power without compromising safety or reliability.

Why Is the Price of DTP MCPCB Higher Than a Normal MCPCB?

The cost of a DTP MCPCB is higher due to the complexity of its design and processing. It uses thicker copper or custom copper convexities, which are more expensive than standard copper foil. Creating a precise raised copper feature under each heat source requires extra machining steps, tight alignment, and rigorous quality checks.

Additionally, the dielectric materials used must have very high thermal conductivity and are usually more costly. The manufacturing process also involves advanced methods like X-ray alignment, CNC machining, and thermal performance testing. Despite the higher price, DTP MCPCBs offer long-term savings by improving thermal efficiency, reducing failure rates, and extending product lifespan.

How DTP MCPCBs Are Manufactured?

The manufacturing of a DTP MCPCB is more advanced than a standard MCPCB manufacturing process. It focuses on forming a raised copper boss (convexity) that provides a one-piece thermal bridge between the heat source and the metal base.

1. Base Metal Preparation

The aluminum or copper base is cleaned and pre-treated. This forms the foundation for the entire board.

2. Creating the Copper Convexity

A raised copper feature is formed on the base metal. This copper boss is placed directly beneath high-heat components. The convexity may be CNC machined or created during the copper plating process.

3. Dielectric Layer Lamination

A thin, high-thermal-conductivity dielectric is laminated around the copper convexity and onto the metal base. The copper bump remains exposed to make direct contact with the top copper circuit.

4. Copper Foil Application & Circuit Etching

Copper foil is laminated onto the surface and patterned using photolithography. The exposed part of the copper boss connects directly to a pad on the top layer.

5. Drilling & Plating (if required)

If the design includes signal vias or multi-layer connections, micro-drilling and copper plating are applied carefully to avoid damaging the copper boss.

6. Solder Mask & Surface Finish

Solder mask is printed, leaving heat transfer pads exposed. Surface finish (e.g., ENIG, HASL) is applied for soldering protection.

7. Inspection & Testing

X-ray confirms alignment of copper convexity under the pad
Thermal resistance is measured
Electrical continuity is tested
Visual and mechanical checks ensure no delamination or defects

This process requires tight process control and high-end fabrication equipment.

Benefits of Using DTP Copper MCPCB in High-Power Electronics

Superior thermal performance for high-wattage components
Longer component life due to reduced junction temperatures
Smaller form factor with higher power density
Stable performance under vibration, shock, and thermal cycling
Improved system efficiency and lower cooling requirements

These benefits make DTP MCPCBs an excellent investment for demanding applications.

DTP PCB Material Choices

A high-quality DTP PCB relies on the right materials:

Copper Convexity: Pure copper, usually 1–4mm thick
Dielectric Layer: Ceramic-filled epoxy or other high-conductivity material

Metal Base:

Aluminum: Lightweight, good for general use
Copper: Best thermal conductivity, ideal for extreme conditions

The right combination depends on your project needs, thermal limits, and cost targets.

Why Work With a Reliable DTP MCPCB Manufacturer?

Not all PCB manufacturers can build DTP MCPCBs. You need a supplier with tight process control, CNC machining, and advanced lamination tools.

A good DTP supplier should offer:

Custom DTP MCPCB design support
In-house thermal simulation and analysis
CNC or stamping for copper convexity
X-ray and AOI for high-precision quality control
Quick prototyping and scalable volume production

About Best Technology

At Best Technology, we are experts in DTP MCPCBs, aluminum PCBs, and thermal solution boards. We serve industries including LED, automotive, telecom, and medical electronics. We also use MES systems to provide full traceability of materials and processes. Our team can support you from design to mass production with reliable engineering and fast service.

Call To Action

If you’re working on a demanding project, contact Best Technology to learn how a custom DTP copper MCPCB can power your next innovation.

FAQs

1. What is a DTP MCPCB?

A Direct Thermal Path MCPCB uses a raised copper convexity to transfer heat directly from the component to the metal base.

2. How does a DTP copper MCPCB differ from a standard one?

It bypasses insulating layers by forming a direct copper path, reducing thermal resistance.

3. What are the main uses of DTP PCBs?

Used in LED lighting, power supplies, automotive electronics, and telecom base stations.

4. Why is the DTP MCPCB more expensive?

It uses more copper, complex machining, high-end materials, and tighter quality control.

5. Does Best Technology offer custom DTP MCPCB services?

Yes, we provide full engineering support, fast prototyping, and scalable production.

Tags:dtp mcpcb
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ, mcpcb, Metal Core PCB, PCB News, SinkPAD | No Comments »

IMS PCB Full Form, Insulated Metal Substrate PCB Manufacturer

Tuesday, June 24th, 2025

IMS PCB full form is Insulated Metal Substrate PCB—a type of printed circuit board built to manage high heat and maintain strong mechanical support. It’s a popular choice for LED lighting, power supplies, and automotive electronics, where heat control is critical.

At Best Technology, we’re a trusted IMS PCB manufacturer in China, providing custom thermal management solutions with high precision, reliable materials, and a full range of engineering support. But let’s dig deeper into what makes insulated metal substrate PCBs unique—and why they’re so important in modern electronics.

IMS PCB Full Form, Insulated Metal Substrate PCB Manufacturer

What Is IMS Insulated Metal Substrate PCB?

An IMS (Insulated Metal Substrate) PCB is a type of circuit board that uses a thermally conductive dielectric layer bonded between a metal base (often aluminum or copper) and a copper circuit layer. The metal base helps dissipate heat more efficiently, especially compared to traditional FR4 boards.

When it comes to IMS PCB thermal conductivity, this is the most valuable feature. The dielectric layer in IMS boards typically offers a thermal conductivity range from 1.0 W/mK to over 8.0 W/mK, depending on the application. The metal base, like aluminum or copper, works as a built-in heat sink—pulling heat away from active components like LEDs, power transistors, or ICs. That’s why IMS PCBs are commonly used in LED modules, power converters, automotive lighting, and solar inverters—where both heat and performance need to be tightly controlled.

IMS PCB Material

Choosing the right material for an IMS board is essential. Three layers make up a standard IMS PCB: the metal base, the dielectric layer, and the copper foil. And for the metal base, there are two options: copper base and aluminum base.

Copper IMS PCB

Copper IMS PCBs offer superior heat transfer capabilities. Copper has a thermal conductivity of nearly 400 W/mK, much higher than aluminum. This means copper is ideal for applications with extreme power densities or where space is limited but heat is a concern.

However, copper is also more expensive and heavier than aluminum, so it’s generally reserved for high-performance needs like laser modules, RF circuits, or military-grade devices.

IMS Aluminum PCB

The IMS aluminum PCB is the most common choice. Aluminum provides good thermal conductivity (typically around 200 W/mK), excellent mechanical strength, and lower cost compared to copper.

Aluminum IMS PCBs are often used in LED lighting systems, electric vehicle chargers, power control modules, and industrial automation systems. They provide a balanced solution between cost and thermal management, which is why they’re the industry standard. Some common aluminum grades used include:

5052 aluminum: Strong, corrosion-resistant, and suitable for structural use.
6061 aluminum: Versatile, high-strength alloy.
1060 aluminum: Excellent thermal conductivity, ideal for cost-sensitive applications.

IMS PCB Stackup

The stack-up of an IMS PCB refers to how the layers are arranged. A typical IMS PCB stackup includes:

Top copper trace layer – for routing signals and power.
Thermal dielectric layer – usually made of epoxy resin filled with ceramic for heat transfer.
Metal base – usually aluminum or copper.

For more advanced applications, 2 layer IMS PCBs are often used. In a 2 layer IMS PCB, an additional copper circuit layer is placed above the dielectric, and interconnections are formed using plated through-holes. These are useful when you need more complex routing or higher power density.

Multilayer IMS stackups are possible but require special lamination techniques. These are often customized depending on the mechanical, electrical, and thermal needs of the application.

IMS PCB Applications

Thanks to their excellent thermal performance and mechanical strength, IMS PCBs are widely used in demanding environments. Here are some key application areas:

LED lighting: Street lights, high-bay lights, grow lights, automotive headlights.
Power electronics: DC-DC converters, voltage regulators, motor drivers.
Automotive systems: Electric vehicle controllers, battery management units.
Industrial equipment: Robotics, welding machines, servo drivers.
Telecommunication: 5G base stations, power amplifiers.
Renewable energy: Solar panel inverters, wind turbine converters.

IMS PCB HS Codes

For companies that export or import IMS PCBs, understanding HS codes (Harmonized System codes) is essential for customs clearance and compliance.

The general HS Code for IMS PCB falls under:

8534.00 – Printed Circuits

Subcategories can vary depending on whether the board is populated (assembled) or bare.

To be more precise:

a. Bare IMS PCBs (unassembled):

HS Code 8534.00.90 (for 1-4 layer ims pcb)
HS Code 8534.00.10 (4 or above layer ims pcb)

b. Assembled IMS PCBs:

HS Code 8537.10 or others depending on final product classification and applications.

Always check with your local customs authority or logistics provider for the exact code applicable to your product type and destination country.

IMS PCB Assembly

IMS PCB assembly involves more care than standard FR4 boards due to thermal management and mechanical rigidity. Special attention must be given to soldering profiles and thermal expansion to prevent cracking or delamination.

Key points during assembly:

Use low-stress soldering methods (e.g., vapor phase or controlled reflow).
Ensure proper thermal profile during reflow to avoid damage to the metal base or insulation.
Choose high-Tg solder masks and components to handle high power density applications.

For high-volume needs, automated SMT lines should be optimized for heat dissipation and tight placement tolerances.

Best Technology offers one-stop IMS PCB assembly, including:

DFM (design for manufacturability) & DFA (design for assembly) checks
SMT and through-hole soldering
AOI, X-ray inspection
Functional testing
Box building assembly
Final inspection

Our strict quality control ensures your boards are built to meet thermal and mechanical demands.

Best IMS PCB Manufacturer – Best Technology

When choosing an IMS PCB manufacturer, experience, quality, and customization capabilities matter most. That’s where Best Technology stands out.

We specialize in insulated metal substrate PCBs with over a decade of industry focus. Our strength lies in advanced thermal management PCBs, from aluminum IMS boards to copper-core multilayer solutions.

Why Choose Best Technology for IMS PCBs?

✅ Technical Support Before & After Sales

✅ 99% Customer Satisfaction ISO9001, ISO13485, IATF16949, UL

✅ Material options: Wide range of metal bases (Al, Cu, Stainless Steel), dielectric materials with 1–8 W/mK.

✅ Full-stack service: From DFM support to final assembly and testing.

✅ MES traceability: Real-time tracking and control throughout production.

✅ Engineering support: Custom stackups, prototyping, thermal analysis, and layout review.

Whether you need a 2 layer IMS PCB for automotive lighting or a high-power copper IMS board for industrial drives, we can tailor the solution to fit your needs. With our strong supply chain and experienced team, we help customers worldwide bring their designs to life.

Best Technology is your go-to partner for custom IMS PCB fabrication and assembly. We combine deep technical knowledge, certified quality, and flexible manufacturing to deliver solutions that work—every time.

Ready to upgrade your thermal management? Contact Best Technology today for a quick quote or technical consultation.

FAQs

1. What is the difference between IMS PCB and FR4 PCB?

IMS PCBs use a metal base for better heat dissipation, while FR4 boards use fiberglass, which has low thermal conductivity.

2. Can IMS PCBs be multilayered?

Yes, multilayer IMS PCBs are possible but require special lamination techniques and are more complex to manufacture.

3. What are typical thermal conductivity values for IMS PCBs?

The dielectric layer in IMS boards usually ranges from 1 to 8 W/mK. Copper and aluminum also contribute to heat dissipation.

4. What is the HS code for an assembled IMS PCB?

Typically, 8537.10, but check with local customs authorities as codes can vary by region.

5. How can I request a custom IMS PCB quote from Best Technology?

Simply email us your Gerber files, BOM, and design requirements, or use our online quote form. Our engineers will get back to you quickly.

Tags:ims pcb, ims pcb full form, insulated metal substrate
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, Design Guide, FAQ, mcpcb, Metal Core PCB | No Comments »

PCB Layer Count and Thickness: Why 1.6mm Isn’t Always Just 1.6mm

Tuesday, June 24th, 2025

Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) come in a variety of layer configurations and thicknesses, each suited to specific electrical and mechanical needs. One of the most common total thicknesses in the industry is 1.6mm, but depending on copper weight and dielectric material selection, the actual thickness can vary—sometimes leaning closer to 1.7mm, especially in high copper-weight designs.

PCB Layer Count and Thickness: Why 1.6mm Isn't Always Just 1.6mm

A Closer Look at 6-Layer PCBs with Heavy Copper

For example, a 6-layer PCB with 4oz copper on all layers and a nominal thickness of 1.6mm can practically reach 1.68mm. This is because each 4oz copper layer measures about 35µm, and the dielectric materials—commonly Prepreg (PP)—must be of equal or compatible thickness to match the structural and electrical integrity.

Thickness Calculation Example:

4oz copper ≈ 140µm per layer (both sides)
Dielectric material (PP) thickness ≈ matches the copper layers
Total stack-up: 4oz × 35µm × 6 layers × 2 (copper + PP) = ~1.68mm

Such a construction is ideal when higher current-carrying capacity, thermal performance, and mechanical strength are required—for example, power distribution boards, automotive controllers, and industrial automation equipment.

When More Layers Matter: 12-Layer PCBs and Beyond

As systems grow more complex, 12-layer PCBs are commonly used in high-speed data communication, AI computing platforms, and server mainboards. These applications require not only signal integrity but also EMI shielding, controlled impedance, and dedicated power/ground planes.

A 12-layer stack-up typically includes:
Multiple signal layers for differential pairs and high-speed routing
Dedicated ground and power planes
Carefully chosen PP and core materials to maintain target thickness (often still around 1.6mm)

Maintaining 1.6mm with more layers means thinner individual dielectric layers and copper foils, making material selection and lamination control critical.

Thickness, Materials, and Dielectric Strength

The interplay between copper thickness, prepreg, and core materials affects not only the final PCB thickness but also electrical isolation and breakdown voltage. Thicker copper increases current capacity but reduces the available space for dielectric layers—potentially compromising dielectric strength if not properly managed.

To ensure breakdown voltage requirements are met, manufacturers must:

Use high-quality, high-resin content prepregs
Maintain minimum dielectric spacing between high-voltage nets
Control resin flow during lamination to avoid thin spots

For example, FR-4-based PCBs typically require at least 100µm spacing to withstand 500V or more, depending on the resin system.

Conclusion

While 1.6mm is a standard thickness in PCB manufacturing, the internal layer structure determines the real-world electrical and mechanical performance. From 6-layer power boards with 4oz copper to 12-layer high-speed boards, designers must strike a balance between copper weight, material thickness, and breakdown strength.

Tags:heavy copper pcb, pcb layer count, pcb thickness
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, Design Guide, FAQ | No Comments »

Top 10 China Electronic Prototype Manufacturing

Monday, June 23rd, 2025

When developing new electronic products, fast and reliable prototyping is critical to success. Choosing the right partner for electronic prototype manufacturing can significantly impact your product quality, development timeline, and cost. China has become a global leader in PCB and electronics manufacturing, offering cutting-edge capabilities with competitive pricing and fast turnaround.

In this article, we’ve selected the Top 10 electronic prototype manufacturers in China based on their service quality, industry reputation, technical strengths, and certifications. Whether you’re a startup launching your first hardware product or an established brand looking for a dependable supplier, this list will help you identify the best partners for your prototyping needs.

1. Best Technology Co., Ltd.

Best Technology is a leading electronic prototype manufacturer in China specializing in all types of PCBs, from standard FR4 boards to advanced ceramic substrates. They provide quick-turn prototyping and small-batch production, focusing on high-reliability applications.

Location: Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Services:

PCB prototyping (FR4, metal core, ceramic, flex, rigid-flex)
PCB assembly (SMT, THT, mixed assembly)
Design support and engineering services
One-stop EMS

Industries Served: Medical, aerospace, automotive, industrial control, LED lighting, and communication

Key Differentiators:

In-house DFM & DFT engineering support
MES system for full traceability
Fast delivery (as quick as 24 hours)
Strong ceramic PCB capability

Certifications:

ISO9001, ISO13485, IATF16949, AS9100D, UL, RoHS, REACH

Top 10 China Electronic Prototype Manufacturing

2. Seeed Studio Fusion

Seeed Studio offers rapid prototyping services through its Fusion PCB platform, aimed at makers, startups, and hardware innovators globally.

Location: Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Services:

PCB prototyping and assembly
CNC machining and 3D printing
BOM sourcing
Turnkey PCB solutions

Industries Served: IoT, robotics, consumer electronics, education, and R&D

Key Differentiators:

Maker-friendly with global shipping
Low-cost prototype offers
Open-source hardware community engagement

Certifications: ISO9001, RoHS

3. JLCPCB

JLCPCB is one of the most well-known PCB prototyping companies in China, recognized for its ultra-low-cost PCB production and fast turnaround.

Location: Jiangxi and Shenzhen, China

Services:

PCB fabrication
PCB assembly
SMT stencil service
Online ordering system

Industries Served: Consumer electronics, education, prototyping labs, startups

Key Differentiators:

Extremely low-cost PCBs (as low as $2)
Mass production capabilities
24/7 customer support

Certifications: ISO9001, ISO14001, UL, RoHS

4. PCBWay

PCBWay is a trusted online PCB prototyping and assembly platform offering services from design to finished product.

Location: Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Services:

PCB manufacturing
PCB assembly
CNC, 3D printing
Component sourcing

Industries Served: Medical devices, robotics, consumer electronics, automotive

Key Differentiators:

Intuitive online quote system
No minimum order quantity
Active community and sponsorship programs

Certifications: ISO9001, UL, RoHS

5. ALLPCB

ALLPCB is a fast-growing PCB manufacturer offering ultra-fast delivery and instant quoting, ideal for prototyping and urgent projects.

Location: Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

Services:

PCB fabrication
SMT assembly
Component sourcing
Online instant quotation

Industries Served: Automotive, LED, wearables, smart appliances

Key Differentiators:

Express delivery (same-day shipping)
Automated ordering system
Multi-language customer service

Certifications: ISO9001, UL, RoHS, IATF16949

6. Hitech Circuits Co., Ltd.

Hitech Circuits is a professional PCB manufacturer with a focus on quick-turn prototypes and HDI PCB solutions.

Location: Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Services:

Quick-turn PCB manufacturing
HDI PCB and multilayer boards
PCB assembly
DFM/DFT support

Industries Served: Industrial control, telecom, defense, medical

Key Differentiators:

High-end PCB capabilities (HDI, via-in-pad)
Fast delivery and engineering expertise
IPC Class 3 production

Certifications: ISO9001, ISO13485, IATF16949, UL

7. Sunthone Electronics

Sunthone offers low-to-medium volume PCB manufacturing and assembly with a strong focus on cost-effective prototyping.

Location: Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Services:

PCB production
PCB assembly
PCB design and layout services
Turnkey solutions

Industries Served: Smart home, wearable tech, industrial automation

Key Differentiators:

Competitive pricing for small runs
Component procurement support
Quick prototype turnaround

Certifications: ISO9001, UL, RoHS, IPC

8. Shenzhen Kinwong Electronic Co., Ltd.

Kinwong is one of China’s top 100 PCB manufacturers, offering full-range PCB solutions with strong R&D capabilities.

Location: Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Services:

Rigid PCB
FPC and rigid-flex
HDI and multilayer PCB
Engineering support

Industries Served: Automotive, mobile, telecom, medical electronics

Key Differentiators:

Large-scale manufacturing
Independent R&D team
Trusted by global Tier 1 customers

Certifications: ISO9001, ISO14001, IATF16949, AS9100D, UL

9. A-TECH Circuits Co., Ltd.

A-TECH specializes in precision PCB manufacturing for time-critical and advanced PCB prototypes.

Location: Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Services:

Single to 20-layer PCB
High-frequency boards
Impedance control
PCB prototypes

Industries Served: RF communications, power electronics, medical, aerospace

Key Differentiators:

Strong in RF/high-speed boards
Customized engineering service
On-time delivery for prototypes

Certifications: ISO9001, UL, RoHS, TS16949

10. Weller Technology Co., Ltd.

Weller Technology is an advanced PCB and PCBA manufacturer focused on rapid prototyping and precision assembly.

Location: Dongguan, Guangdong, China

Services:

PCB prototyping
High-precision SMT and THT
Rigid-flex and FPC manufacturing
Component sourcing

Industries Served: Medical devices, avionics, automotive, consumer electronics

Key Differentiators:

Strong R&D for special boards
Cleanroom-level SMT assembly
Fast cycle prototyping

Certifications: ISO13485, ISO9001, IATF16949, UL

FAQs

1. Why choose a Chinese manufacturer for electronic prototypes?

Chinese manufacturers offer a unique combination of speed, cost-effectiveness, and advanced production capabilities. Many companies also support low-volume orders and rapid prototyping, making them ideal for startups and engineers in the R&D phase.

2. How fast can Chinese companies deliver PCB prototypes?

Lead times vary by company and complexity, but some manufacturers like Best Technology or ALLPCB can deliver simple prototypes within 24 to 72 hours.

3. What is the minimum order quantity (MOQ) for PCB prototyping in China?

Most Chinese PCB manufacturers support very low or even zero MOQs for prototype runs. Services like PCBWay and JLCPCB are known for allowing single-piece orders.

4. How can I ensure quality when working with a Chinese manufacturer?

Check the manufacturer’s certifications (like ISO9001, IATF16949, or UL), ask for real case studies or test reports, and verify their traceability systems. Working with experienced companies like Best Technology also reduces risk.

5. Can these companies help with component sourcing and assembly?

Yes. Many Chinese electronic prototype manufacturers offer turnkey solutions including PCB fabrication, component sourcing, SMT assembly, and testing—all under one roof.

Tags:china electronic prototype manufacturing
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ, PCB News | No Comments »

How does PCB Etching Process Work?

Friday, June 20th, 2025

Etching is one of the most critical steps in making a printed circuit board (PCB). It’s the process that removes unwanted copper, leaving behind clean circuit traces. Whether you’re building PCBs for new projects or manufacturing at scale, understanding how PCB etching works helps you get better quality and fewer production issues.

At Best Technology, we specialize in high-precision PCB fabrication. From prototype to volume production, our team follows strict quality standards to ensure high quality PCBs. Now let’s take a closer look at the PCB etching process.

What Is PCB Etching?

PCB etching is the process of removing excess copper from a copper-clad board to form the desired circuit pattern. It’s typically done after the copper layer has been covered with an etch-resistant mask, which protects specific areas during etching. Only the unprotected copper is dissolved away by the etchant solution.

Etching creates the circuit traces that connect electronic components. If done improperly, you could end up with broken traces, short circuits, or unreliable connections. That’s why it’s important to understand the entire process before getting started.

What Liquid Is Used for PCB Etching?

Several chemical solutions are commonly used for PCB etching, depending on the production scale and copper thickness. The most frequently used liquids include:

Ferric Chloride (FeCl₃): A traditional etchant used for simple or hobby PCBs. It’s affordable but stains and is hard to dispose of.
Ammonium Persulfate (NH₄)₂S₂O₈: Produces cleaner results with less mess. Suitable for small-scale production.
Cupric Chloride (CuCl₂): Common in industrial PCB etching lines. It offers consistent results and can be regenerated for reuse.
Alkaline Etchants: These are used in professional PCB shops. They provide high-speed etching and better line resolution.

Each etchant has different properties, such as etch rate, temperature sensitivity, and compatibility with resists. Industrial PCB manufacturers often choose the one that best matches their line width, copper thickness, and environmental compliance standards.

What Materials Are Needed for PCB Etching?

Before starting the etching process, you’ll need the following materials:

Copper-clad laminate: This is the raw board, coated with a thin layer of copper.
Etching solution: Ferric chloride, cupric chloride, or another chemical agent.
Etch-resistant layer: Typically photoresist or screen-printed resist to mask the pattern.
Developer solution (if using photoresist): Helps reveal the resist pattern before etching.
Protective gear: Gloves, goggles, and fume protection to handle chemicals safely.
Etching tank or tray: For submerging and processing the boards evenly.
Agitation system: Helps improve etching speed and consistency (manual or automatic).
Rinse station: To stop the chemical reaction after etching and remove residues.

These materials work together to protect the circuit pattern and remove unwanted copper with high precision.

What Materials Are Needed for PCB Etching?

PCB Etching Process

The PCB etching process is one of the core steps that transforms a copper-clad laminate into a functional printed circuit board. It defines the copper traces that carry electrical signals between components. The goal of etching is to remove all the unwanted copper from the board, leaving only the copper paths protected by a resist layer.

1. Surface Preparation

Before etching begins, the copper surface must be completely clean and free of oxidation or oil. Any contamination can prevent the resist from adhering properly. Most manufacturers use mechanical scrubbing or chemical cleaning (like acid dipping) to ensure a uniform surface.

2. Applying the Resist Layer

Once the board is clean, a protective layer called a resist is applied to mask the areas that should not be etched. There are several ways to apply the resist:

Dry film photoresist (DFR): Laminated using heat and pressure.
Liquid photoresist: Sprayed onto the board.
Screen printing: Used in simple or low-resolution PCBs.

For most precision PCBs, photoresist is preferred. It allows for fine line resolution and is compatible with automated processing.

3. Exposure and Developing

After resist application, the board is aligned with a phototool or artwork—a transparent film with the desired circuit pattern. The board is then exposed to UV light, which hardens the resist on the areas exposed to light. The rest remains soft.

The board is then placed in a developer solution, which removes the unhardened (unexposed) resist. This reveals the copper that will be etched away, while protecting the traces and pads under the hardened resist.

4. Etching

The board enters the etching chamber, where it’s sprayed or submerged with a chemical solution designed to dissolve exposed copper.

Depending on the production scale and PCB type, different etching systems are used:

Immersion etching: The board is dipped in an etchant bath. Simple but slower.
Spray etching: High-pressure nozzles spray etchant uniformly across the board, providing faster and more controlled etching.
Conveyorized etching machines: Used in mass production, offering precision and speed.

The most common etching chemicals at this stage include:

Alkaline cupric chloride (CuCl₂): Efficient and widely used in high-speed lines.
Ammoniacal etchant: Offers even faster etching, especially suitable for fine-line PCBs.

Etching is a time-sensitive process. Too short, and some copper remains. Too long, and the resist may lift, leading to undercutting or trace erosion.

5. Etch Quality Control

Quality checks are crucial right after etching:

Line width and spacing inspection ensures the traces match the intended design.
Cross-section testing confirms the copper thickness is within tolerance.
Underetch detection helps avoid electrical shorts and performance issues.

High-end manufacturers like Best Technology use AOI (Automated Optical Inspection) machines to inspect every board for etch defects at this point.

6. Stripping the Resist

Once etching is complete, the remaining photoresist is no longer needed. It is removed using a chemical resist stripper, revealing clean, shiny copper traces.

This step prepares the board for further processing like solder mask application, drilling, or surface finish coating (such as ENIG or HASL).

7. Rinsing and Neutralizing

After stripping, the board goes through a thorough rinsing process using deionized water to remove any chemical residues. A neutralizing agent may also be applied to balance pH levels and prevent corrosion.

How Long Does It Take to Etch a PCB?

Etching time depends on several factors, like:

Copper thickness: Thicker copper layers take longer to etch.
Etchant concentration: Higher concentration speeds up the process.
Temperature: Warmer solutions increase the etch rate.
Agitation: Moving the solution or board improves uniformity and speed.

Typically, hobbyist etching using ferric chloride may take 10–30 minutes, while industrial alkaline etching can finish in 1–3 minutes with consistent results. Time control is critical—over-etching can lead to side-etching and weak traces.

Calculation Method for PCB Etching Factors

Professional PCB manufacturers use a formula to calculate the etch factor, which helps balance speed and precision. The etch factor (EF) is:

EF = Depth of Etch / Undercut Distance

A high etch factor means more vertical etching (cleaner sidewalls), while a low etch factor shows more lateral etching (side erosion). This factor helps adjust etchant chemistry and exposure settings.

Key parameters include:

Etchant type and strength
Temperature control
Agitation method
Line width and spacing
Copper thickness

By tuning these parameters, manufacturers can keep tight tolerances and maintain trace fidelity even on high-density PCBs like HDI boards.

What Should I Do if PCB Side Etching Occurs?

Side etching happens when the etchant cuts under the resist, reducing the trace width and weakening the circuit. It’s a common issue with long etching times or incorrect resist application.

To reduce or eliminate side etching:

1. Use proper photoresist application: Ensure full coverage and adhesion to the copper.

2. Optimize exposure and development times: Underdeveloped or overexposed resist can lift during etching.

3. Shorten etching duration: Use stronger etchants or increase agitation to reduce total etch time.

4. Improve etching directionality: Spray etching is better than immersion for fine features.

5. Apply protective overcoats: For high-precision PCBs, a hard-baked resist layer or dry film helps.

In production, engineers often run test coupons alongside real boards to monitor etch quality in real time.

Choose a Professional PCB Partner – Best Technology

At Best Technology, we handle complex PCB etching challenges with advanced production lines and tight quality control. We support everything from simple single-layer PCBs to multilayer HDI PCB, flexible circuits, and even ceramic-based PCBs. Our MES system tracks every board’s etching process for full traceability.

Whether you need prototype fabrication or mass production, we guarantee:

High etching precision
Clean edge definition
Minimal side etching
Consistent quality for fine-pitch circuits

Looking for a reliable PCB etching service? Contact Best Technology today and get your project started with confidence.

FAQs

1. What is the safest etchant to use at home?

Ammonium persulfate is cleaner and less messy than ferric chloride, though both require safety precautions.

2. Can I reuse PCB etching solution?

Yes, some etchants like cupric chloride can be regenerated, but they require careful chemical control.

3. What causes uneven etching?

Poor resist application, inconsistent agitation, or expired chemicals can lead to patchy etching.

4. How do I clean a PCB after etching?

Rinse with water, then clean with isopropyl alcohol to remove remaining residues before applying solder mask.

5. Is photoresist better than screen printing for masking?

Photoresist offers higher resolution and is preferred for fine-pitch or multilayer PCB designs.

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