Archive for the ‘FAQ’ Category

Does A Circuit Board Base Have Low Resistance?

Tuesday, September 10th, 2024

What is Resistance in a Circuit Board?

Resistance in a circuit board determines how easily electric current flows through the board. Every component and trace on the board offers some resistance, but the goal is to minimize it. Resistance happens when the flow of electrons is blocked or slowed down by the material they travel through. This blockage causes energy loss, often as heat.

In printed circuit boards (PCBs), low resistance is preferred in traces and paths to ensure smooth current flow. However, resistors are intentionally added in circuits to control and manage current flow, protecting sensitive components.

Does A Circuit Board Base Have Low Resistance?

What is the Base of a Circuit Board?

The base of a circuit board is the foundation on which components are mounted and connected. The copper layers, laminated onto the base, provide the conductive pathways that allow current to flow between components. It usually consists of layers of different materials, including a non-conductive substrate like fiberglass, often referred to as FR4. Some other materials also can be used as the base of circuit board, like:

Glass fiber cloth substrate: commonly used in the production of double panels and multi-layer boards, with good mechanical properties and cost effectiveness.

Paper substrate: lower cost suitable for cost-sensitive applications.

Epoxy resin substrate: it has good mechanical properties and thermal stability, widely used in electronic products

Polyimide substrate: it has excellent high temperature resistance, suitable for high performance electronic products.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrate: very high temperature resistance and low dielectric constant, suitable for high frequency and high temperature environments.

Ceramic substrates: such as alumina, aluminum nitride, etc., with high thermal stability and low dielectric constant, suitable for extreme environments.

Teflon (ETFE) substrate, it has good corrosion resistance, high frequency properties and low dielectric constant.

Metal substrates: metal materials like aluminum or copper are always serve as the base of metal core PCBs, they have very good thermal conductivity, and suitable for high power applications where need good heat dissipation.

How Does a Basic Circuit Board Work?

The basic circuit board connects various electronic components through conductive paths called traces, and performs specific functions through the interaction of electronic components. These tracks are made of copper and are designed to create specific circuits that control the flow of electricity. The circuit board uses insulating materials to isolate the conductive layer of copper foil on the surface, so that the current flows in each component along the pre-designed path to complete the functions of work, amplification, attenuation, modulation, demodulation, coding and so on.

Components such as capacitors, resistors, transistors, and diodes are soldered onto the board. The current flows through the components, following the paths designed in the layout, executing the required tasks, such as powering an LED or processing signals.

For the circuit to work, all components must be properly connected and powered. Any break in these connections can disrupt the flow of current, leading to malfunctions.

The main components and functions of the circuit board:

Pad – metal holes for welding the pins of components.

Through hole – there are metal through holes and non-metal through holes, used to connect the component pins between each layer.

Conductor – the conductive path connecting electronic components.

Components – such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc., are connected to each other by conducting lines.

Connector – used to connect external devices.

Electrical boundary – defines the electrical characteristics of the board.

Does an Open Circuit Have Low Resistance?

No, an open circuit has high resistance, often considered infinite.

Open circuit refers to the circuit state when no current passes between two points in the circuit or is connected by a conductor with a very large impedance value (or resistance value). When the branch between two points in the circuit is open, the potential difference between the two points is called “open voltage” and can be measured by a voltmeter. In the open state, because there is no current flow, the resistance is very high, this is because the current path in the open circuit is interrupted, resulting in the current cannot flow, so that the resistance in the open state is extremely high ‌

In contrast, a short circuit refers to the situation where the current does not pass through the electrical appliance and directly constitutes a path. In a short circuit, the resistance in the circuit is small, because the current flows directly through the wire, rather than through the load, resulting in a large current. In this state, the fuse may automatically blow due to excessive current, to prevent the wire from causing a fire due to heat ‌

How to Tell If a Circuit Board is Shorted?

Identifying a shorted circuit board involves looking for signs like:

Burn marks or discoloration on the board.

Swollen or damaged components.

Overheating, causing the board to feel hot to the touch.

The device or board not powering on or malfunctioning.

To confirm a short, a multimeter can be used. By measuring the resistance between points where there should be separation, a very low resistance could indicate a short. This can help pinpoint faulty components or traces.

How to Check Resistors on a Circuit Board?

To check resistors on a circuit board, you can use a multimeter in resistance mode.

Turn off the power to the board and discharge capacitors to avoid any residual current.

Set the multimeter to the appropriate resistance range.

Place the probes across the resistor’s terminals and read the value displayed on the meter.

Compare this value with the expected resistance value, usually printed on the resistor or found in the circuit’s schematic. A large discrepancy could indicate a faulty resistor.

How Are Circuit Boards Grounded?

Circuit boards are grounded by connecting the ground plane, often a large layer of copper, to a grounding point. The grounding modes of the circuit board mainly include single point grounding, multi-point grounding, floating ground and virtual ground. ‌

Single-point grounding

Single-point grounding ‌ is suitable for low-frequency circuits where only one physical point in the entire circuit system is defined as the grounding reference point and all other points that need to be grounded are directly connected to this point. This approach can reduce common ground impedance coupling and low-frequency ground loop interference, and is usually used for circuits with frequencies less than 1MHz.

Multi-point grounding

Multipoint grounding ‌ is suitable for high-frequency circuits, where each ground point of the electronic device is directly connected to the nearest ground plane (that is, the metal base plate of the device). This method can reduce the interference generated by the common ground impedance, and also reduce the parasitic capacitance and inductance, which is usually used for circuits with frequencies greater than 10MHz.

Floating ground

‌Floating ‌ that is, the ground of the circuit is connected to the ground without a conductor, but at a higher potential. The advantage of floating ground is that the circuit is not affected by geoelectrical properties, and can prevent electromagnetic interference caused by the coupling of common ground impedance circuits. However, the disadvantage of this method is that it is affected by the parasitic capacitance, which leads to the change of ground potential and increases the inductive interference to the analog circuit.

Virtual ground

Virtual ground ‌ is similar to floating ground and can be understood as the “floating ground” when the operational amplifier is short and broken.

What is the Rule for Resistance in a Circuit?

The fundamental rule of resistance is governed by Ohm’s Law: V=IR, where voltage (V) is equal to the current (I) multiplied by resistance (R). This shows that the resistance directly affects how much current flows for a given voltage.

In circuits, resistors are used to control current, and their value determines how much current is allowed through. For example, higher resistance lowers the current flow, while lower resistance allows more current to pass.

With over 18 years as an industry leader, Best Technology is one of the most experienced PCB and PCB assembly manufacturer in Asia. We are highly specialized not only in quick-turn PCB prototype and PCB assembly, but also medium and small volume PCB fabrication. In Best Technology, you can enjoy a full-comprehensive one-stop service from PCB design, layout, PCB fabricate, PCB assembly, function testing and delivery. We always try our best to fabricate your PCB with copper clad laminate with the highest quality to meet your demands.

If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us with sales@bestpcbs.com, we will be happy to help you.

Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ, FR4 PCB | No Comments »

PCB Quote Packaging is What Type of Engineering?

Tuesday, September 10th, 2024

PCB Full Form

PCB stands for Printed Circuit Board, a key component in almost all electronic devices. It connects and supports electronic components using conductive tracks, pads, and other features. The design and production of PCBs require precise engineering, as they are crucial for the functionality of the final product.

What is PCB Quote Packaging?

PCB quote packaging refers to the process of gathering and organizing all the details needed to estimate the cost of producing a PCB. This includes not only the design specifications but also the materials, manufacturing processes, and other engineering considerations. It’s not just a financial calculation but a complete engineering analysis that ensures the quote is accurate, feasible, and optimized for production.

The quote must consider every detail that affects production—like material types, size, complexity, and production volume. The aim is to package all these details into a clear, comprehensive quote, ensuring the client understands what they are paying for and why.

Why is Engineering Important in PCB Quote Packaging?

Engineering plays a vital role in the PCB quoting process because it’s not just about estimating costs. It’s about understanding the technical requirements and ensuring that every aspect of the design and production is accounted for. Engineers analyze the design, materials, and manufacturing methods to ensure the quote reflects the real cost of production.

Without engineering insight, a quote could be inaccurate, leading to cost overruns or production delays. Engineers make sure that all technical details, such as layer count, trace width, and component placement, are properly considered.

What Are the Key Factors in a PCB Quote?

Several factors come into play when preparing a PCB quote:

PCB Quote Packaging is What Type of Engineering?

1. Type of manufacturing process

The technical type of PCB determines its complexity and cost. For example, simple single panels cost much less than multi-layer panels, while flexible circuits (FPC) or rigid and flexible panels require more complex manufacturing processes and naturally cost more. In addition, whether advanced technologies such as microvias, laser drilling, blind holes or buried holes are required can also have a significant impact on the quotation.

2. Material type

Materials are an important part of PCB costs. Common materials include FR4, ceramics, metal substrates, etc. FR4 is the most common base material and is suitable for most conventional applications, but for high-frequency, high-temperature environments, ceramic or metal-based materials may be more suitable, but their price is relatively high. Choosing the right material not only affects the performance, but also directly affects the cost.

3. IPC level

IPC grades reflect the quality standards of PCB manufacturing, commonly used are IPC-A-600 grades 1, 2 and 3. The higher the grade, the more stringent the manufacturing requirements, and the corresponding increase in cost. For example, grade 3 PCBS are usually used in high-demand fields such as aerospace and medical equipment, which require higher accuracy and quality control, so the price is higher.

4. Circuit design

PCB circuit design complexity directly affects manufacturing costs. Including wire width, spacing, hole size and so on, the production process has put forward different requirements. High density interconnect (HDI) boards typically require more elaborate wiring techniques and may involve the use of microvias, which will increase the difficulty and cost of manufacturing.

5. PCB size and yield

The size of the PCB directly affects the amount of material used, and the larger the board, the more material is needed. In addition, the yield is also an important factor affecting the quotation. PCB manufacturing with complex design or high density lines is prone to defects, resulting in decreased yield. That means manufacturers may need to produce more boards to meet orders, increasing costs.

6. Material thickness

Different applications require different thicknesses of PCB materials. The standard FR4 thickness is usually 1.6mm, but thinner or thicker boards are sometimes used. Changes in material thickness can affect the overall cost, especially if thicker sheets require special processing or higher strength, and manufacturing expenses will increase accordingly.

7. Copper thickness

The copper thickness in the PCB usually has a standard choice, such as 1oz, 2oz or even thicker copper layers. The higher the copper thickness, the better the conductivity of the PCB, suitable for high-current applications, but the increase in copper thickness will significantly increase the manufacturing cost, especially in the plating and etching process requires additional materials and processes.

8. Stack-up method

The stacking mode determines the number of layers and the interlayer structure of the PCB. Complex multilayer boards or HDI boards require more complex lamination processes. For example, the lamination method may involve multiple pressing, the use of prepregs or special insulation materials. Each additional layer requires more manufacturing steps, resulting in increased costs.

9. Quantity

The quantity of the order has a direct impact on the PCB quotation. High-volume production can reduce unit prices by spreading tooling and setup costs, while small-batch orders are typically more expensive due to relatively high production preparation and start-up costs.

10. Delivery date

The shorter the delivery time, the higher the quotation. Rush orders require prioritizing production, which can disrupt the plant’s production schedule and require additional resource deployment. To meet urgent delivery deadlines, manufacturers may need to work overtime or speed up production, increasing overall production costs.

These are just a few examples, but they show how engineering considerations are woven into every part of the quoting process.

PCB Manufacturing Process

How Do Engineers Calculate PCB Manufacturing Costs?

Engineers calculate PCB manufacturing costs by considering the design specifications and the production methods needed to meet those requirements. They start by analyzing the PCB’s layout and design, which determines factors like layer count, trace width, and hole size. Each of these elements has a direct impact on the materials used and the manufacturing process.

They also consider the assembly process—whether it’s surface-mount or through-hole—and what testing will be required. After evaluating these details, they calculate the costs associated with each step of the manufacturing process. This ensures the final quote is both accurate and comprehensive.

What Type of Engineer Designs PCBs?

Engineers who design PCBs typically have a bachelor’s degree or above in electrical engineering, automation, computer science, or a related field ‌ and understand the basics of electronic design, printed circuit board (PCB), and electronics manufacturing in the PCB industry. These engineers need to master PCB design software such as Altium Designer, Eagle PCB, PADS, or CAD, etc., as well as the use of related manufacturing and testing tools. At the same time, they need to have a knowledge of the PCB industry, a certain circuit design and electronic components knowledge, including digital and analog circuits, signal processing, power electronics, embedded systems, communication technology, etc. In addition, holding certificates such as IPC-2221/2222, IPC-A-600/610, and CID (Certified Interconnect Designer) can prove that they have relevant professional knowledge and skills, which can help improve their career competitiveness.

These engineers also need to have a strong sense of responsibility and team spirit, have good communication and coordination skills, and be able to work effectively with customers, manufacturers, and other team members. For junior engineers, it is recommended to study in a single point of depth, such as PCB design, SI simulation, thermal design, EMC design, product testing, etc., and then start from this advantage point to expand the scope of knowledge

What Materials Are Considered During PCB Quote Packaging?

The type of material used for a PCB is a major cost driver. Common materials include:

This is the most common material used in PCBs due to its balance of cost and performance. It’s versatile and reliable for most standard applications.

Metal Core

Metal core PCBs are used in applications where heat dissipation is a concern, such as LED lighting. These boards are more expensive due to the metal layer.

Ceramic

Ceramic materials are used for high-frequency or high-temperature applications. They are more costly but offer better performance in extreme conditions.

Each material has its own manufacturing process, which also affects the cost. For instance, metal core boards may require different drilling techniques compared to standard FR4 boards. Engineers must consider these details when preparing a quote.

How Does the Choice of PCB Manufacturing Methods Impact the Quote?

The method used to manufacture the PCB can greatly impact the final cost. Common methods include:

Surface-Mount Technology (SMT): This is the most common method for modern PCB assembly. It’s efficient and cost-effective for most applications.

Through-Hole Technology (THT): This method is used for components that require a stronger mechanical bond. It’s more labor-intensive and, therefore, more expensive.

Flexible and Rigid-Flex Manufacturing: These types of PCBs require specialized processes and materials, which can increase the cost.

Additionally, advanced techniques like laser drilling for microvias or selective soldering for complex assemblies may be necessary for high-precision designs. Each of these methods requires careful consideration, and engineers must choose the best process for both the design and the budget.

Who Designs PCB?

Since 2006, Best Technology has been the leading PCB quick turn manufacturer specializing in both PCB prototype and production quantities, initially produced single-sided and double-sided printed circuit boards for the consumer electronics market. Now, we provide not only FR4 PCB, but also some special PCB like flex circuit, metal core PCB, ceramic PCB, extra thin PCB, HDI PCB, IC substrate, busbar PCB, heavy copper PCB and so on. We can make 50 layers PCB, and it is not our limit.

Nowadays, Best Technology has grown to become a major PCB manufacturer in Asia to serve in diverse customers base such as electronics appliance, communication, educational electronics, power supplies, automations.

For more information about PCB, or to learn more about the online quote and ordering process, please visit www.bestpcbs.com

Tags:PCB ful form, PCB Quote Packaging
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, Design Guide, FAQ, FR4 PCB, Metal Core PCB, PCB Technology | No Comments »

1.2mm vs 1.6mm PCB: What PCB Thickness to Choose?

Monday, September 9th, 2024

When designing or selecting a PCB board, thickness is a key consideration. The most common thicknesses are 1.2mm and 1.6mm PCB, but which one is right for you? Each has its advantages depending on the application. Whether you’re designing for compact devices, high-power applications, or something in between, choosing the right PCB thickness will impact performance, cost, and durability.

In this blog, we’ll compare the two most popular thicknesses—1.2mm and 1.6mm—and explore their key differences. We’ll help you understand why most PCBs are 1.6mm thick, when to consider 1.2mm PCBs, and what factors to keep in mind during your decision-making process.

1.2mm vs 1.6mm PCB: What PCB Thickness to Choose?

Why are PCBs 1.6mm Thick?

The 1.6mm thickness has become the standard for most PCBs. But why is this the preferred thickness? One reason is historical—it was a size that worked well for manufacturing processes when PCBs were first developed. Over time, this became the norm due to its balance between durability and flexibility.

From the perspective of process and cost, the thinner the PCB board, the higher the manufacturing cost. Because it is necessary to use higher levels of materials and more refined processes to meet the various requirements of PCB boards in the manufacturing process. At the same time, PCB boards that are too thin are also susceptible to environmental and mechanical forces and have poor stability. Therefore, under the premise of taking into account cost and stability, 1.6mm has become a more common PCB board thickness.

Secondly, from the perspective of compatibility and standardization, in the vacuum tube era, because the development and manufacturing of PCB substrates have not yet achieved industrial production, PCB board thickness is mainly determined according to the equipment housing/installation hardware or the required PCB board thickness. At that time, the 1.6mm specification gradually became the industry standard and provided compatibility and convenience for later PCB manufacturing and design.

In addition to 1.6mm, there are some other common PCB board thickness, such as 0.8mm, 1.0mm, 1.2mm, 2.0mm and so on. These thicknesses are usually selected based on specific application and design requirements.

For example, in the field of communications, the commonly used PCB board thickness is generally 0.8mm; In the field of consumer electronics, the commonly used PCB board thickness is generally 1.0mm. In addition, for some specific applications, you can also choose other non-standard thickness options, such as 0.4mm, 0.6mm, 2.4mm, etc.

How Thick is a 1.2mm PCB?

Compared to the standard 1.6mm, a 1.2mm PCB is thinner, which makes it ideal for compact designs where space is at a premium. The 1.2mm thickness reduces the overall weight of the PCB, which can be critical in devices like smartphones, wearables, and other portable gadgets.

Despite being thinner, 1.2mm PCBs can still provide good mechanical support and electrical performance, though they might not be as resistant to bending or mechanical stress as their thicker counterparts. This makes them better suited for applications that do not require heavy-duty handling or exposure to harsh environments.

1.2mm vs. 1.6mm PCB

So, how do you decide between a 1.2mm and a 1.6mm PCB? It depends on the specific needs of your project. Here are some factors to consider:

Mechanical Strength

A 1.6mm PCB is more rigid and can withstand greater mechanical stress, making it ideal for larger devices or environments where the board may face pressure or force. If your design requires a sturdy board, 1.6mm is a better option.

Compact Design

For smaller, more compact devices, a 1.2mm PCB can save valuable space and reduce the overall profile. This is especially important for handheld gadgets or portable electronics where size and weight matter.

Thermal Management

Thicker boards like the 1.6mm version have better thermal management properties, as they can dissipate heat more efficiently. If your PCB will handle high power or generate a lot of heat, the 1.6mm option may be a better fit.

Cost

While the difference in cost between 1.2mm and 1.6mm PCBs is usually minimal, thinner boards might be slightly more cost-effective, especially for large-volume production. However, always weigh this against the performance needs of your application.

Ultimately, the decision comes down to the balance between durability, size, and the operating environment of your product.

Is Thinner PCB Better?

A thinner PCB, like the 1.2mm version, can be better in certain applications, but it’s not universally superior. The key benefit is the reduced thickness, which translates to lighter and more compact products. This is why thinner PCBs are favored in modern consumer electronics where every millimeter counts.

However, thinner PCBs are less rigid, making them more prone to bending or warping under pressure. If the PCB is subjected to mechanical stress or has to endure rough handling, a 1.6mm thickness might be the safer choice.

For low-stress applications, such as small gadgets or tightly packed devices, a 1.2mm PCB can offer the perfect balance of performance and size. The goal is to match the thickness to the demands of your specific project.

What is the Tolerance of a 1.6mm PCB?

PCB manufacturers often specify tolerances to account for minor variations in thickness during production. For a 1.6mm PCB, the typical tolerance range is around ±0.10mm, though this can vary based on the manufacturer and specific requirements of the project.

Tolerances are crucial in ensuring that the PCB fits within the required mechanical constraints of the final product. When designing a product, it’s essential to account for this tolerance, especially if your design requires exact thickness dimensions.

The tolerance of a 1.6mm PCB helps ensure consistent performance, even with minor deviations in the manufacturing process.

How Thick is a Standard 2-Layer PCB?

A standard 2-layer PCB typically ranges from 1.6mm to 2.4mm in thickness. However, 1.6mm is the most common thickness for 2-layer boards used in a wide range of applications.

The two layers refer to the copper traces that are used for electrical connections, and the thickness of the board itself determines its strength, thermal properties, and overall performance. In most cases, a 1.6mm thickness offers an ideal balance for general use, providing both durability and flexibility in terms of design and assembly.

How to Choose a Suitable PCB Thickness?

When choosing the thickness of a PCB, several factors need to be considered:

1. Weight

Weight is a key factor. Thinner boards tend to be more fragile and are more likely to break. Therefore, if lightweight is not a strict requirement, thicker boards are usually the better choice.

2. Flexibility

Flexibility is another important consideration. Thinner boards are generally more flexible, but they are also more prone to breaking. Thicker boards offer less flexibility but provide greater stability.

3. Space

The amount of space available in your device is crucial when deciding on PCB thickness. If your device has enough room to accommodate a thicker PCB, then using a thicker board is advisable. On the other hand, if the device is compact, a thinner PCB may be necessary to fit into the available space.

4. Type of Connectors and Components

The type of connectors and components you plan to use also influences the PCB thickness. Different components may have specific requirements that determine the board’s thickness.

5. Dimensions and Design

When selecting PCB thickness, factors such as the dimensions of the PCB, the number of layers, the weight of the installed components, the installation method, and impedance should all be considered. A general rule of thumb is: when the aspect ratio of the PCB (length to width) is not greater than 2 and the width-to-thickness ratio is not greater than 150, the performance is optimal. The width here refers to the smaller dimension between the depth or height of the PCB.

For plug-in boards mounted in vertical boxes, the thickness should fully consider deformation issues. For PCBs that are not box-mounted, if the size is smaller than 300mm x 250mm, 1.6mm to 2mm thick boards are preferred. Larger PCBs should use 2mm, 2.4mm, 3mm, 3.2mm, 3.5mm, or even thicker boards, but it is best to avoid exceeding 4mm.

6. Copper Thickness, Layers, and Signal Type

When determining the PCB thickness, you should also factor in the copper thickness, the material of the board, the number of PCB layers, the types of signals it will carry, and the type of through-holes being used. The operating environment is another key consideration.

PCB Manufacturing Considerations

Several manufacturing factors also influence the final PCB thickness:

Drilling equipment capability

Copper thickness

Number of layers

Board cutting method

For non-standard thickness PCB designs, additional factors include:

1. Manufacturer Capability

The first consideration is whether your PCB manufacturer has the equipment and capability to produce the specific thickness you need. This decision should be made early in the design process, along with other Design for Manufacturing (DFM) requirements. Otherwise, you may need to make changes and redesign your PCB stack-up.

2. Extended Delivery Time

If your manufacturer does not stock the materials required for non-standard thickness, it could delay the production timeline. Therefore, it’s essential to consider the delivery time when choosing a non-standard thickness.

3. Additional Costs

This is perhaps the most important point: you need to evaluate the cost of special materials, additional manufacturing costs, and the potential impact of delayed delivery to determine if the extra expenses are justifiable.

Opting for standard PCB thicknesses typically results in faster production and lower costs. However, if you decide on a non-standard thickness, it’s crucial to communicate with your manufacturer early in the design phase. This ensures that they can meet your requirements, and you’ll also need to clarify lead times and any additional manufacturing costs.

FAQs

Q1: Can I customize the thickness of my PCB?

Yes, many manufacturers offer custom thickness options ranging from thinner boards like 0.8mm to thicker boards over 2.4mm, depending on your needs.

Q2: What are the benefits of a 1.2mm PCB?

A 1.2mm PCB offers space-saving advantages, making it ideal for compact devices like smartphones and wearables. It also tends to be lighter.

Q3: Will a 1.2mm PCB be more flexible?

Yes, thinner PCBs are more flexible, which may be useful in specific applications where slight bending is acceptable.

Q4: Why is thermal management important in PCB design?

Proper thermal management prevents overheating and ensures the long-term reliability of the PCB, especially in high-power applications.

Q5: What is the standard thickness tolerance for a PCB?

The standard tolerance is usually around ±0.10mm, but this can vary depending on the manufacturer and board specifications.

Tags:1.2mm vs 1.6mm PCB, pcb thickness
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ | No Comments »

What is Pour Board? What is Copper Pour in PCB?

Monday, September 9th, 2024

What is Copper Pour in PCB Design?

Copper pour, also known as copper coating, refers to filled solid copper on PCB where without trace layout area or idle space. Instead of leaving unused areas bare, copper is poured over them, connecting it to the ground or other designated signals. The main purpose of this process is to reduce the ground impedance, improve the anti-interference ability, reduce the voltage drop. Thereby improving the power supply efficiency, and connect with the ground wire to reduce the loop area. By covering large sections of the board with copper, it also minimizes signal interference and adds a layer of protection to the PCB. Copper pour are essential for designers to maintain signal integrity and reduce unwanted noise.

What is Pour Board? What is Copper Pour in PCB?

The process of copper coating is not only very important for digital circuits, because it can effectively reduce the ground impedance, which is particularly important for digital circuits with a large number of spiking pulse currents. However, for analog circuits, the ground wire loop formed by laying copper may cause electromagnetic coupling interference.

Why Use Copper Pours on Circuit Boards?

Copper pours offer several advantages that make them an essential part of circuit board design. When creating PCBs, some engineers tend to leave many copper-free areas on the board. But a high percentage of copper-free areas on the PCB can negatively affect the product, making it vulnerable to early damage, when copper pouring comes in handy.

There are some novices who think that less copper pouring means that the cost will be lower and lower, which is wrong. It is true that the plating area is small, which can save copper, but there is no way to guarantee the quality, and the appropriate amount of copper pouring can improve the quality of the product.

When the PCB board is placed in the plating tank and the appropriate current is applied, the PCB will show the physical state after dry film coverage. After passing a current, the circuit lines exposed to the outside of the dry film will be plated with copper from the plating tank. The total area of the part of the circuit exposed outside the dry film will affect the value of the current distribution during the plating process, if the bare copper area is large, the current input is uniform, and the current received is more uniform. Therefore, a large area of copper plane must be laid in the design to prevent this from happening. If the total plating area of copper is too small or the pattern distribution is very uneven, the received current will not be uniform. In this way, when powered on, the greater the current, the thicker the copper plating layer (so designed, if only 1OZ is required, then the finished copper thickness can reach 2OZ).

If the gap between current traces is too small, for example about 3mil to 3.5mil, a “clip film” will form between the traces. In other words, the dry film is caught in the middle of the gap, which causes the subsequent base to start the copper in the middle, which can lead to a short circuit if the etching process is not cleaned. In order to maintain the high quality of PCB manufacturing, independent lines must be avoided as much as possible in PCB design and layout. In addition, it is recommended to use a large amount of copper on the entire PCB, if there is a separate line that cannot be covered with copper, then the continuation between the lines must be as wide as possible.

Advantages of Copper Pour Board

1. For EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) requirements, a large area of ground or power supply needs to be covered with copper, which will play a shielding role. For some special area, such as protective ground, it plays a protective role.

2. From PCB manufacturing perspective, generally in order to ensure an uniform copper plating, or avoid lamination deformation and bending, manufacturers always pour copper for those less trace layout PCB board.

3. For signal integrity PCB, pour copper gives the high-frequency digital signal a complete return path, and reduce the wiring of the DC network. In another way, pour copper can help to heat dissipation.

Disadvantages of Copper Pour

1. If the pins of the components are fully covered with copper, the heat dissipation may be too fast, resulting in difficulties in dismantling and repairing the components. Therefore, sometimes in order to avoid this situation, cross connections are used for components (pin contact and pad contact are shown in “+”).

2. Pouring copper in the area around the antenna is easy to cause weak signal, interfered acquisition signal, and the impedance of copper will affect the performance of the amplifier circuit. So the area around the antenna section is usually not covered with copper.

Copper Pour vs Ground Plane

There’s often confusion between copper pours and ground planes. While both serve similar purposes, they are not the same. A ground plane is a layer dedicated entirely to the ground signal, covering the entire surface of a board layer. It ensures a low-impedance path for electrical signals, minimizing interference.

Copper pours, on the other hand, are not necessarily tied to the ground. Designers can connect copper pours to any net, including power lines or signal traces. The primary goal of a copper pour is to fill in empty spaces, whereas a ground plane is dedicated exclusively to providing a ground connection.

Implementation of PCB Copper Pours

When designing a PCB with copper pours, a few best practices help in optimizing its performance. Here are some useful tips:

Assign Copper Pours to Ground First

When designing, prioritize assigning continuous copper to ground layers over power planes. A solid ground plane improves overall performance, providing a reliable reference for signals and reducing noise. Every PCB should have strong, consistent ground connections.

Monitor Trace Currents

Although reducing inductance is advantageous, flooding the board with copper can sometimes interfere with circuit tuning. Be mindful of traced paths, especially in high-current areas, to maintain proper load control.

Maintain Symmetry in Copper Pours

Ensure copper pours are symmetrical on both sides of the PCB. This balance helps prevent issues like board warping due to uneven expansion or moisture absorption. Symmetrical copper distribution is essential for the board’s structural integrity.

Avoid Acute Angles

Keep copper pours free from long, narrow protrusions or angles sharper than 45 degrees. Such shapes can become weak points, breaking off or acting as antennas during vibration or shock, potentially causing functional failures.

Incorporate Relief Features

Adding slots, anti-pads, and thermal spokes can relieve stress caused by material expansion, especially for large copper pours used on power planes. These features ensure mechanical stability and ease soldering.

Carefully Review Design Masks

Automated copper pour shapes may need manual adjustments to remove artifacts or undesirable patterns around complex components. Always review and fine-tune these masks to achieve optimal results.

When copper pours are correctly connected to appropriate nets, designers can enhance both the electrical and physical properties of the circuit by distributing copper strategically across the board.

Copper Pour Clearances and Settings

When designing a PCB with copper pours, clearances and settings play a crucial role in ensuring proper functionality and avoiding issues like short circuits. Here are PCB copper pour suggestions based on standard PCB board:

1. Trace to Copper Pour Clearance

Standard clearance: 0.2 mm (200 µm) or 8 mils
High-voltage applications: 1 mm (1000 µm) or 40 mils (or more, depending on voltage levels)

2. Pad to Copper Pour Clearance

SMD pads: 0.2 mm to 0.3 mm (8-12 mils)
Through-hole pads: 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm (12-20 mils)

You can adjust these values based on the pad size and the net to which the copper pour is connected.

3. Copper Pour Width and Thickness

The width and thickness of the copper pour should be chosen based on the current-carrying capacity of the board:

Minimum width: 1.5 mm (60 mils) for low-current signals
Power lines: At least 2-3 mm (80-120 mils), depending on current
Copper thickness: 35 µm (1 oz/ft²) is standard, but for higher currents, you can use thicker copper like 70 µm (2 oz/ft²) or more.

4. Via Clearance in Copper Pours

Standard via clearance: 0.2 mm (8 mils)
High-current via clearance: 0.5 mm (20 mils)

Clearance should be adapted to the board’s layer stack-up and current needs.

5. Thermal Relief Spokes

Spoke width: 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm (12-20 mils)
Spoke count: Typically 4 thermal relief spokes per pad
Clearance to pad center: 0.5 mm (20 mils)

6. Copper Pour to Board Edge Clearance

Standard clearance: 0.5 mm (20 mils) from the board edge
High-voltage boards: 1 mm (40 mils) or more

Layer Placement of Copper Pours

Copper pours can be placed on any layer of a PCB. In multi-layer PCBs, copper pours are often added on internal layers to maximize performance. For example, ground and power pours are frequently found on internal layers to reduce noise and improve thermal dissipation.

On outer layers, copper pours serve to enhance thermal management. They distribute heat from high-power components and help maintain an even temperature across the board. It’s important to balance the placement of copper pours with other components to ensure overall board stability and functionality.

Copper Pour PCB Design Considerations

1. The open areas in the design must be minimized and the open Spaces filled with copper.

2. It’s important to assess the current-carrying capacity. Make sure the copper pour is thick enough to handle the expected current loads, especially in power applications.

3. If there is no room for the copper, the two wires, the two pads, and the distance between the wires and the pads are designed to be 2 ounces thick with a minimum spacing of 8 mil.

4. When pouring copper, keep a certain distance from the ordinary touch pad. The distance between the track, the common plane and the drilled area should be greater than 0.5 mm. The copper must be poured as firmly as possible. Avoid pouring copper on small grids.

5. The inner layer of the gold finger must be all poured copper to avoid thinning of the board at the gold finger. Avoid choosing laminated structures with thin plates.

6. Those thin long, poorly grounded ground copper will have an antenna effect, which will cause poor EMC problems. Therefore, we should try to avoid causing broken copper when coating copper, such as causing broken copper can be removed.

7. Isolated (dead zone) copper problem, isolated copper if relatively small equivalent to broken copper can be deleted. If it is large, it can be defined as a place to add through the hole treatment, at this time there is no isolated copper.

8. Refer to the product design manual and apply copper coating near the antenna. Any interference or interference with the antenna must be avoided when pouring fake copper.

Tags:copper pour pcb, pcb design, pour board
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ, FR4 PCB, Special PCB | No Comments »

PCB Assembly manufacturer High Quality & Fast Delivery

Monday, September 9th, 2024

What is pcba?

PCBA is the abbreviation of Printed Circuit Board Assembly, which means “circuit board assembly” or “circuit board assembly”. ‌It refers to installing electronic components on a printed circuit board and connecting the components to the circuit board through welding and other methods to form a complete circuit system.

This process involves multiple important links, including SMT (surface mount technology) mounting, DIP (dual in-line package) plug-in, etc., which eventually form a key component of electronic products. PCBA is not only the physical support of electronic equipment, but also provides a way to connect circuits, and also plays a role in protecting components and dissipating heat. In the manufacturing process of electronic products, the production process of PCBA includes steps such as PCB design, manufacturing, component placement, welding and testing to ensure the functionality and reliability of the product.

What does pcba stand for in electronics

PCBA stands for Printed Circuit Board Assembly in electronic products‌. PCBA is the process of assembling and soldering electronic components on a printed circuit board to form a complete circuit board. It is an important part of modern electronic products, including mobile phones, computers, cars, home appliances, etc.

. PCBA processing involves several important links, such as SMT (surface mount technology) and DIP (dual in-line package) plug-ins, which ensure the correct placement of electronic components and the reliability of the circuit. In addition, the use of PCBA processing equipment and the improvement of manufacturing processes, such as printers and dispensing machines, have improved the yield and efficiency of PCBA processing products‌

What is pcba manufacturing

The manufacturing process of PCB (printed circuit board) involves multiple process links, including design, plate making, drilling, filling, electroplating, etc. These steps together constitute the manufacturing process of PCB.

Design: First, according to the needs and layout design of the circuit, the circuit diagram is drawn using computer-aided design (CAD) software. This stage is very critical because it directly determines the function and performance of the PCB.
Plate making: After the design is completed, the designed circuit diagram needs to be converted into a practical PCB board that can be made. This usually involves the use of photosensitive materials and special chemical treatments so that the circuit pattern can be accurately transferred to the PCB substrate.
Drilling: After the plate making is completed, holes need to be drilled on the substrate according to the designed circuit pattern. These holes are used for subsequent wiring connections. The precision and accuracy of drilling are essential to ensure the normal operation of the circuit.
Filling: After drilling, some substances, such as resin, need to be filled in the hole to enhance the structural strength and electrical insulation performance of the PCB.
‌Electroplated‌: In order to ensure good electrical connection, the PCB needs to be electroplated, usually by electroplating a layer of copper or other conductive materials on the copper foil. This step is very important to ensure the conductivity and durability of the circuit.
‌Lamination and cutting‌: After the electroplating is completed, the multi-layer circuit boards are laminated together to form a multi-layer PCB. Subsequently, the PCB boards are cut into specific sizes as needed.
Inspection and testing‌: The manufactured PCB is inspected and tested to ensure that its functions and performance meet the design requirements. This may include visual inspection, functional testing and other methods.
‌Finished product assembly‌: The qualified PCBA board is assembled into the shell

‌What is the SMT process in PCBA?

‌1. Programming and adjusting the SMT machine‌: According to the information provided by the customer, program the coordinates of the location of the SMT components and perform the first piece check.

2. Printing solder paste‌: Use a screen printer to print the solder paste on the pads on the PCB board where the electronic components need to be soldered.

3. SPI inspection‌: Use a solder paste detector to detect the quality of solder paste printing to ensure that there are no defects.

4. SMT‌: Use a SMT machine to accurately install the electronic components SMD to the fixed position of the PCB.

‌5. High-temperature solder paste melting‌: The solder paste is melted at high temperature through a reflow oven to firmly solder the electronic components SMD and the PCB board together.

6. AOI inspection‌: Use an automatic optical inspection instrument to detect whether the PCBA components after welding have poor welding.

7. Visual inspection‌: Manual inspection checks the version of the PCBA, whether the direction of the components is correct, and the defects after welding.

8. Packaging‌: The qualified products are separated and packaged. The packaging materials used include anti-static bubble bags, static cotton, blister trays, etc.

PCB Assembly manufacturer High Quality & Fast Delivery

Best Technology is a PCB assembly manufacturer in Asia, who specializes in printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) and manufacturing. We have our own PCBA factory with 8 SMT lines, each line equipped with full-automated manufacturing and testing machine. In our PCBA factory, you can see dual-online AOI, SPI, X-RAY, nitrogen reflow oevn and so on. We are certified by ISO9001, ISO13485, and IATF16949, ensuring the highest quality standards in every PCB project.

Full turnkey service from pcb design, pcb manufacturing, component sourcing, pcb assembly, pcb duplicating in a very short time.

We source all the parts directly from the manufacturers or from authorized distributors such as Digikey, Mouser,Future,TTI,Avnet and Arrow to avoid counterfeit parts.

We also warehouse a significant inventory of common parts.If we cannot source a specific component, our engineers will make recommendations for fair-price alternatives.

What is pcba test

‌‌PCBA testing‌ is the process of testing the electrical conductivity and input-output values of the PCBA circuit board with mounted electronic components to ensure that all the installed circuit boards are completely consistent with the various specifications and parameters of the design. Through strict testing, the performance and reliability of the PCBA board can be improved, customer trust can be won, and cooperation between enterprises and customers can be promoted.

PCBA testing includes various test forms, such as ICT testing (internal circuit testing), FCT testing (functional testing), fatigue testing, extreme environment testing and aging testing.
ICT testing tests the characteristics of devices and circuit networks by applying test probes to the test points on the PCB.

FCT testing is mainly used to test the electronic and electrical functional aspects of the PCBA board, and is tested under the condition of simulating the actual operating state of the PCBA board. Fatigue testing performs high-frequency and long-term operations by sampling to observe whether failures occur.

Extreme environment testing places the PCBA board in harsh and extreme environments, such as high temperature, severe cold, and falling, to infer the reliability of the PCBA board. Aging testing is to power on the PCBA board and electronic products for a long time to observe whether any failures occur.

What is a pcba number

A combination of letters and numbers used to uniquely identify and track each electronic component on a circuit board. These numbers are often called component numbers, part numbers, or reference designators.

On PCBA boards, the format and meaning of these numbers may vary depending on the manufacturer and designer, but generally follow certain rules.

For example, common numbers are R107, C118, Q102, D202, etc., where:
The first letter usually identifies the type of device, such as: R for resistors, C for capacitors, D for diodes, Q for transistors, etc.
The subsequent digital part may indicate the circuit function number (such as “1” may indicate the motherboard circuit, “2” may indicate the power supply circuit, etc.) and the serial number of the device on the circuit board.

FAQ About PCBA

hat does poor welding include and what kind of faults will it cause?
Poor welding is manifested as incomplete solder joints, cold solder joints, etc., which lead to reduced conductivity of the circuit board or circuit failure. Solutions include optimizing soldering parameters, ensuring pad cleanliness, adjusting soldering energy, and increasing soldering temperature or extending soldering time.

What causes component misalignment?
It is caused by inaccurate positioning of components during the soldering process, affecting circuit connection and product function. Solutions include implementing precise visual inspection and automatic inspection to ensure that components are placed correctly and rework and repair.

What do short circuits and open circuits mean?
Short circuits and open circuits: caused by poor insulation or fracture between adjacent solder joints on the circuit board or between solder joints and lines, which may cause abnormal current flow or circuit interruption. Solutions include ensuring that solder paste is evenly applied, components are correctly placed, and adjusting soldering parameters to avoid excessive soldering temperature and pressure.

What causes solder cracking?
Solder cracking: cracking occurs during use or after a certain environmental stress, usually due to excessively high temperatures, long soldering time, or improper selection of soldering materials during the soldering process. Solutions include optimizing soldering parameters, ensuring proper soldering temperature and time, and selecting appropriate soldering materials.

Why electrostatic discharge?
‌Electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage: Sensitive electronic components can be damaged by ESD. Solutions include implementing ESD control measures in the production environment, such as using ESD gloves and anti-static workbenches.
Does voltage instability affect PCBA performance?
‌Power supply issues: Power supply stability issues can affect PCBA performance. Solutions include implementing power electronics technology and voltage regulators to ensure stable power supply.

what does pcba stand for

PCBA stands for Printed Circuit Board Assembly. Other synonyms of PCBA include “PCB Assembly”, “Populated PCB” and “Board Assembly”. These terms are widely used in the electronics industry to describe the finished or semi-finished state of a circuit board after component placement and soldering.‌

what is a pcba board

PCBA board, full name Printed Circuit Board Assembly, Chinese name is printed circuit board assembly, refers to the installation and welding of components on the completed printed circuit board to form a circuit board that can be used directly.

The production process of PCBA board mainly includes three steps: component mounting, welding and testing. First, the obtained components are accurately positioned and mounted on the PCB board according to the design requirements, and then the components are firmly fixed on the PCB board by welding, and the circuit is ensured to be unobstructed. Finally, the circuit is tested to verify whether it is working properly. The whole process requires a high degree of technology and precision to ensure the quality of PCBA board.

Tags:PCB Assembly manufacturer, PCBA
Posted in best pcb, FAQ, PCB Technology, PCBA, Uncategorized | No Comments »

What are inverters and converters? What do they do?

Monday, September 9th, 2024

Electricity is ubiquitous in our lives, and the use of all devices is closely related to electricity. The use of electricity depends on how to control and convert it. Among them, the indispensable tools are inverters and converters, which can convert electrical energy into different forms to meet various needs.

What are AC and DC?

1. Definition of alternating current and direct current:

Alternating current (AC) refers to the current whose direction changes periodically over time, and the average current in one cycle is zero.

The waveform of alternating current is usually a sine curve, but there can also be other waveforms, such as triangular waves and square waves. Alternating current is widely used in power transmission and industrial applications.

Inverters and converters? What effect do they have on current flow?

Direct current (DC) refers to the current whose direction is constant.

The magnitude and direction of direct current do not change with time. Common DC power sources include dry batteries and storage batteries. The direction of pulsating direct current does not change, but the magnitude changes with time. It usually needs to be filtered to become smooth direct current.

2. The difference between AC and DC:

The main difference between AC and DC is whether the direction of the current changes over time.

The direction of AC changes periodically, while the direction of DC remains unchanged. In addition, the average value of AC in a cycle is zero, while the current and voltage of DC remain constant.

3. Application scenarios of AC and DC:

AC is mainly used for power transmission and industrial applications because its waveform is a sinusoidal curve, which is suitable for long-distance transmission. DC is often used in situations where constant current is required, such as battery-powered electronic devices.

How do you convert from DC to AC?

DC can be converted into AC through an inverter. The inverter usually consists of an inverter bridge, control logic, and filter circuits.

Inversion is a current conversion process opposite to rectification, which converts DC into AC. When the inverter side, i.e., the AC side, is connected to the power grid, it is called active inversion, and when the inverter side, i.e., the AC side, is directly connected to the load, it is called passive inversion.

The inverter circuit can convert DC power into AC power of any frequency and voltage under the control of the control circuit, so it is widely used, for example, when DC power is needed to supply power to AC loads.

What is dc to ac inverter?

‌Inverter is a device that converts DC power into AC power. ‌‌

The inverter is mainly composed of an inverter bridge, control logic and filter circuit, which can convert DC power (such as batteries, storage batteries) into fixed frequency and voltage or frequency and voltage AC power, usually 220V, 50Hz sine wave.

Inverters are particularly widely used in automobiles. They can drive various electrical appliances and tools by connecting to batteries, making it possible to use household appliances when driving or traveling.

Inverters can be divided into sine wave inverters and square wave inverters according to the output waveform. Although the sine wave inverter is more expensive, it can be applied to various loads, and the output waveform is closer to the mains, which is friendly to electrical equipment.

The efficiency of the inverter is an important indicator of its performance, which indicates the ratio of output power to input power. With the development of technology, inverters are showing a trend of high frequency, high performance and miniaturization, and are widely used in various fields of power electronics technology.

What is dc to ac converter?

An AC to DC converter is a device whose main function is to convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). Such converters are commonly used in household appliances, computers, mobile phone chargers and other devices to convert the AC power provided by the power grid into the DC power required by the device.

The working principle of the AC/DC converter involves converting the AC power into smooth DC power through a rectification and filtering process. This converter can be bidirectional in terms of power flow, that is, power can flow from the power source to the load (called rectification) or from the load back to the power source (called active inversion).

The working principle of the AC/DC converter involves several key steps:

‌Rectification‌: Converting AC power into unidirectional pulsating DC power is achieved by using a rectifier, which can be a half-wave rectifier or a full-wave rectifier, depending on the specific technology used.

‌Filtering‌: Filtering is performed by using capacitors to eliminate the pulsating components generated during the rectification process to obtain a smoother DC power.

‌Voltage stabilization‌: In some applications, voltage stabilization may also be required to ensure the stability of the output voltage.

The design and application of AC/DC converters are limited by many factors, including safety standards, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements, and power system optimization design.

In addition, the use of high-voltage, high-current switches increases the power consumption, which to a certain extent limits the modularization process of AC/DC converters.

What is the difference between an inverter and converter?

The main difference between an inverter and a converter is that they have different functions and conversion directions. ‌

Although inverters and converters sound similar, their functions and conversion directions are completely different. The main function of an inverter is to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), while a converter does the opposite, converting AC into DC. This difference makes them play their respective roles in different application scenarios.

1. ‌Inverter‌:

The main application of an inverter includes converting electricity generated by a DC power source (such as a battery) into AC to meet the needs of AC equipment. The advantages of the inverter include high conversion efficiency, fast startup, good safety performance, etc., but it may also generate noise due to its working principle, and corresponding countermeasures need to be taken to reduce the noise.

2. Converter:

Unlike the inverter, the main function of the converter is to convert AC to DC.

This is usually achieved through the process of half-wave rectification and full-wave rectification, which involves passing the positive half-cycle or positive and negative cycles of AC through the rectifier circuit, and then further processing through capacitor filtering and voltage stabilization circuit to finally obtain DC.

Converters are widely used in various electronic devices that need to convert AC power to DC power.

In general, although inverters and converters are similar in name, their functions and conversion directions are completely different. Inverters convert DC to AC and are suitable for using DC power for AC devices; while converters convert AC to DC to meet the needs of devices that require DC power.

Why would you use an inverter?

The main reason for using an inverter is to convert DC to AC to meet the power needs of various devices and systems. ‌

The main function of the inverter is to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), which is necessary in many fields and scenarios. Here are some of the main uses of the inverter:

1. Household electricity: The inverter can convert the DC power of the car battery or other DC power source into the AC power required by household appliances, so that the car or other DC power source can power household devices.

2. Emergency power supply: In the event of a power outage or power outage, the inverter can convert the DC power of the backup power source (such as gasoline generators, solar panels, etc.) into AC power to provide power support for key equipment.

3. Electronic devices: Many portable electronic devices (such as laptops, mobile phones, cameras, etc.) use DC batteries as power sources. The inverter can convert DC power into AC power to provide power for these devices.

4. Industrial applications: In industrial production, the inverter can convert high-voltage DC power into low-voltage AC power to meet the power needs of different equipment and systems.

5. Electric vehicle charging: With the popularity of electric vehicles, inverters are increasingly used in electric vehicle charging stations, which convert direct current from the power grid into alternating current required by electric vehicle batteries.

6. Radio communication: In radio communication, inverters are used to convert direct current into radio frequency power to transmit and receive radio signals.

Therefore, inverters play an indispensable role in modern society and are widely used in various fields to provide necessary power conversion and support for various devices and systems.

What are the disadvantages of an inverter?

1. Harm to batteries: Inverters increase the burden on batteries and shorten the life of batteries. Inverters generate electromagnetic interference and heat when working, which may interfere with batteries, causing unstable battery voltage or internal damage to batteries.

2. Energy loss: The conversion efficiency of inverters is relatively low, and there will be a certain amount of energy loss.

3. High cost: The cost of inverters is high, which may not be suitable for some low-cost applications.

4. May generate electromagnetic interference and heat: The inverter will generate high-frequency electromagnetic waves and a certain amount of heat when working, which may affect the working performance of other electronic equipment and may even cause safety problems.

In summary, although the inverter provides convenience in many applications, its disadvantages cannot be ignored, including energy loss, high cost, possible electromagnetic interference and heat, and potential safety hazards.

Conclusion:

Inverters and converters are indispensable in modern electrical systems to ensure that energy flows to where it is needed in the right form. Whether it is converting DC to AC for renewable energy systems, using batteries to power equipment, or ensuring uninterruptible power supply, these tools can achieve a smooth transition between different types of current.

Tags:circuit, converter, inverter, PCB
Posted in FAQ, PCB News | No Comments »

What is a breadboard & What is it used for?

Monday, September 9th, 2024

In the vast world of electronics, there is a seemingly ordinary but extremely important tool, the breadboard. The breadboard is like a silently dedicated assistant to electronic engineers, building a bridge for electronic enthusiasts and professionals to realize their creativity. So, what exactly is a breadboard? What is its indispensable use?

What is a breadboard?

A breadboard is a board designed and manufactured for solderless experiments on electronic circuits. It has many small jacks, allowing various electronic components to be inserted or removed as needed, eliminating the soldering steps, saving circuit assembly time, and components can be reused, which is very suitable for electronic circuit assembly, debugging and training.

The original intention of the breadboard was to encourage innovation and simplify the learning process of electronic circuits. Its main features include:

No soldering design: users can directly insert electronic components into the jacks of the breadboard without soldering, which greatly reduces the difficulty and complexity of electronic circuit production.

‌Components are reusable‌: Due to the solderless design, users can replace or adjust components in the circuit at any time without re-soldering, which is very beneficial for experiments and learning.

‌Suitable for all kinds of electronic components‌: Whether it is resistors, capacitors, transistors or integrated circuits, they can be easily inserted into the sockets of the breadboard for experiments and tests.

‌Simple structure‌: Breadboards are usually made of plastic blocks and contain a matrix of electrical sockets inside. These sockets are connected within the board, usually in rows of five sockets, forming a complete circuit path.

Why is it called a breadboard?

The reason why the breadboard got its name can be traced back to the era of vacuum tube circuits. At that time, most of the circuit components were large in size, and people usually fixed them to a piece of bread-cutting wood for connection by screws and nails. As the size of circuit components decreased, the name of the breadboard remained.

The origin of this name reflects the historical evolution and technological progress in the field of electronic production, and also reflects the intimacy and recognition of electronic production enthusiasts for this tool.

The original intention of the design of breadboard is to facilitate the assembly, debugging and training of electronic circuits. By providing many small jacks, various electronic components can be inserted or unplugged at will, thus eliminating the trouble of welding, saving the assembly time of the circuit, and the components can be reused, which is very suitable for the non-welding experiment of electronic circuits.

What is a breadboard used for?

Breadboards are mainly used for the design and manufacture of non-welding experiments of electronic circuits. ‌

A breadboard is a board designed and manufactured for the non-welding experiment of electronic circuits. Its characteristics are that there are many small jacks on the board, allowing various electronic components to be inserted or unplugged at will as needed, thus eliminating the welding process and saving the assembly time of the circuit.

In addition, since the components can be reused, breadboards are very suitable for the assembly, debugging and training of electronic circuits. This tool is a must-have for electronic production enthusiasts, and is widely used in electronic engineering, communication engineering, automatic control and other fields.

In practical applications, breadboards can be used for simulation testing and verification in the circuit design stage, as well as for transferring circuits to PCB boards for mass production in the production and manufacturing stage.

In the fields of education and research, breadboards help students and researchers better understand electronic technology and circuit design principles. It can also be used for the development and production of DIY electronic products, robots and other fields, and has a wide range of application prospects.

What types of breadboards are there?

1. Solderless breadboard:

This is the most common type. It consists of many small jacks inside, and the circuit is connected by inserting the pins of electronic components. No soldering is required, which is convenient and fast, suitable for beginners and quick circuit construction and debugging.

There are different specifications and sizes, such as small breadboards are suitable for simple circuit experiments, and large breadboards can accommodate more components to build more complex circuits.

2. Solderless breadboard:

The function is similar to that of the solderless breadboard, and electronic components can be connected without soldering. Usually with colored marking lines or areas, it is easy to distinguish different circuit parts and plan component layout.

Some solderless breadboards also come with power bars and ground bars, which are convenient for providing power and ground connections for the circuit.

3. Multi-hole breadboard:

There are more jacks and a denser layout. More electronic components can be connected, which is suitable for building complex circuits.

Some multi-hole breadboards are also designed with special structures, such as grooves or slots, to facilitate the fixing of wires and components and make the circuit more stable.

4. Breadboard with power supply

The integrated power module can directly provide stable power to the circuit without the need to connect an additional power adapter or battery pack.

The power supply part usually has an adjustable voltage function to meet the power requirements of different electronic components.

5. Transparent breadboard

Made of transparent materials, it is convenient to observe the connection status and component layout inside the circuit, which is very helpful for teaching and circuit debugging.

The appearance of the transparent breadboard is beautiful, which can increase the fun and visualization of circuit construction.

What is a “solderless” breadboard?

A solderless breadboard (also called a solderless test board) is a method that provides convenient interconnection of electronic components without the need for soldering. ‌This breadboard consists of a series of U-shaped metal contacts that are located below the hole grid in the electrically insulating shell.

The component leads and the wire segments inserted through the holes are held under spring tension by the contacts below, thus achieving a solderless connection. Solderless breadboards are particularly suitable for electronic circuit experiments in hobby, education or development environments because they allow users to quickly and easily build and reconfigure circuits while saving the time and cost of soldering.

In addition, solderless breadboards also support the reuse of components, which is very beneficial for learning and training. However, it should be noted that although solderless breadboards provide great convenience, they do not provide a mechanically sturdy interconnection, have limited power handling capabilities, and are not suitable for high-speed circuit applications.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a breadboard?

The advantages of breadboards are:

1. Convenient and fast operation:

No need to solder, electronic components can be directly inserted into the jacks of the breadboard for circuit connection, which greatly saves the time and workload of circuit construction.

If a connection error is found during the insertion of the component, the component can be easily pulled out and reinserted without damage, reducing the cost and risk of circuit construction.

2. High safety:

Compared with soldered circuits, breadboards do not have safety issues such as burns and electric shocks that may occur during soldering, and are particularly suitable for beginners and students.

There is no need to worry about components being damaged due to improper soldering, which reduces safety hazards in circuit experiments.

3. Suitable for beginners:

For beginners of electronic circuits, breadboard is an ideal learning tool. It can help beginners quickly understand the basic principles and connection methods of circuits, enhance the perceptual understanding of electronic circuits through practical operations, and improve the interest and efficiency of learning.

4. Easy to observe and debug:

The structure of the breadboard is relatively simple, and the circuit connection is clearly visible, which is convenient for users to observe the connection of the circuit and the layout of components.

The advantages of breadboard are:

1. Poor connection stability:

The contact between the jacks on the breadboard and the component pins may not be tight enough, and it is easy to have a virtual connection. Especially after transportation, movement or long-term use, the jacks may become loose, resulting in unstable circuit connection and affecting the normal operation of the circuit.

2. Not suitable for complex circuits:

The number and layout of the jacks of the breadboard are limited. When the number of components in the circuit is large or the circuit structure is complex, the breadboard may not provide enough jacks to connect all the components, limiting the scale and complexity of the circuit.

When there are many connecting wires on the breadboard, it is easy to have chaotic lines, which increases the difficulty of circuit debugging and troubleshooting.

3. Poor high-frequency performance:

The structure and material of the breadboard determine that its high-frequency performance is poor, and it is not suitable for the transmission and processing of high-frequency signals. In high-frequency circuits, the transmission of signals will be affected by the jacks and connecting wires on the breadboard, resulting in signal distortion, attenuation and other problems.

4. Limited current carrying capacity:

The current carrying capacity of the connecting wires and jacks on the breadboard is limited. For high-power electronic components, it may not provide enough current, causing the components to not work properly or damage the breadboard.

Conclusion:

Breadboards are an indispensable tool in the world of electronics. From experiments to troubleshooting, breadboards are an indispensable part of circuit design. They can easily handle modifications, are cost-effective, and are reusable, making them a mainstream product in the electronics field.

Tags:breadboard, PCB, pcb design, PCBA
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ | No Comments »

What is Soldering? What Temperature Does Solder Melt?

Friday, September 6th, 2024

Soldering is a crucial process in many industries, especially in electronics and metalworking. It involves bonding materials, primarily metals, using a filler material called solder. This process is essential for creating connections that are both electrically conductive and mechanically strong. But what exactly is soldering? At what temperature does solder melt? And what types of solder are most commonly used? This blog will answer these questions and explain why soldering is important.

What is Soldering?

Soldering is a PCB assembly process where two or more metal surfaces are joined by melting and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint. Unlike welding, soldering doesn’t melt the base metals. Instead, the filler metal, which has a lower melting point, is used to create a bond between the two surfaces. The process is common in electronics, plumbing, and metalwork, where a strong, conductive connection is needed.

Generally speaking, the commonly used solder materials are tin lead alloy solder, antimony solder, cadmium solder, silver solder, and copper solder. The linear solder used in standard welding operations is called rosin cored solder wire or solder wire. A flux was added to the solder. This flux is composed of rosin and a small amount of active agent. It is very important to set the temperature during welding operation. The most suitable temperature for welding operations is plus 50 degrees at the melting point of the welding used. The set temperature of the soldering iron head, due to the size of the welding part, the power and performance of the soldering iron, and the different types and lines of the solder, it is appropriate to increase 100 degrees on the basis of the above temperature.

The main products of solder are divided into three categories: solder wire, solder bar and solder paste. Applied to all kinds of electronic welding, suitable for manual welding, wave welding, reflow welding and other processes.

What is Soldering Primarily Used For?

Soldering is mainly used in the electronics industry to connect various components on PCBs. Without soldering, it would be nearly impossible to create the intricate electrical connections that power most electronic devices. From mobile phones to computers, soldered joints are everywhere.

Soldering is also widely used in plumbing for joining copper pipes. It creates leak-proof seals that withstand pressure, making it reliable for water supply systems. Additionally, jewelry makers and metalworkers use soldering to join fine pieces of metal. It allows them to create strong, invisible joints without damaging delicate components.

What Temperature Does Solder Melt?

The melting point of solder depends on the type of solder being used. Solder typically comes in two main varieties: leaded and lead-free.

Leaded Solder

The most common composition of leaded solder is a mixture of tin (Sn) and lead (Pb), typically in a 60/40 ratio. This type of solder melts at around 183°C (361°F). Leaded solder has been used for decades due to its reliable melting point and easy flow properties, making it ideal for electronics.

Lead-Free Solder

Lead-free solder is now more widely used due to health and environmental regulations. Lead-free solder typically contains a mix of tin, copper, and sometimes silver. Its melting point is slightly higher, around 217°C (423°F). Although it requires more heat, lead-free solder is considered safer and more environmentally friendly.

It’s important to note that different solders may have varying melting points depending on their specific composition. Always check the specifications of the solder you’re using to ensure you apply the correct temperature.

Does Solder Have Lead?

Not all solder contains lead. Leaded solder was once the standard for many years, especially in the electronics industry. However, due to the harmful effects of lead exposure, leaded solder is being phased out, particularly in consumer electronics.

Lead-free solder is now the preferred option, especially for products sold in regions that regulate the use of hazardous materials. The shift to lead-free solder has become more prevalent with the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which bans the use of lead in many electrical and electronic products. Today, many manufacturers and companies use lead-free solder for health and environmental reasons.

While lead-free solder is generally considered safer, leaded solder is still used in some industries due to its lower melting point and reliability in certain applications.

What is the Melting Point of Solder?

The melting point of solder depends on its composition, but the most commonly used solders have predictable melting temperatures:

Leaded Solder: 183°C (361°F)

Lead-Free Solder: 217°C (423°F)

These are standard temperatures, but other specialized solders may melt at higher or lower temperatures. For instance, silver-bearing solders may melt at higher temperatures, while low-temperature solders for specific applications can melt as low as 138°C (280°F).

Knowing the exact melting point of your solder is important because using the wrong temperature can lead to poor joints or even damage to components. In electronics, overheating can affect sensitive components, while underheating can result in weak or unreliable connections.

What is Lead-Free Solder Made of?

Lead-free solder typically contains a mixture of metals designed to mimic the properties of traditional leaded solder. The most common lead-free solder composition is a mix of tin (Sn), copper (Cu), and sometimes silver (Ag). This combination ensures a solid joint while keeping the melting point manageable.

Tin (Sn): The main ingredient in most solders, providing strength and flexibility.

Copper (Cu): Helps to enhance the mechanical strength of the solder joint.

Silver (Ag): Sometimes added to improve conductivity and joint strength, though this increases cost.

Lead-free solder is used to create safer work environments, particularly in industries where workers are regularly exposed to soldering fumes. It is also more environmentally friendly as it reduces the risks associated with lead contamination.

Is Tenshan Lead-Free?

Yes, most manufacturers, including Tenshan, now offer lead-free solder options in compliance with environmental standards. Lead-free solders, like those provided by Tenshan, are designed for use in various industries, ensuring safe and effective soldering without the risks associated with lead exposure.

Lead-free products from companies like Tenshan are developed to meet both performance and safety standards. These solders deliver excellent bonding capabilities without compromising the health of the workers or the environment. With the growing emphasis on eco-friendly practices, lead-free options are becoming the preferred choice for many applications.

Tags:melting point of solder, solder melt, solder temperature
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ, PCBA, SMT Technology | No Comments »

Do LED lights need a circuit board?

Thursday, September 5th, 2024

LED lights have become an integral part of modern lighting solutions, featuring energy-saving, durability, and versatility. But a common question is, do you think LED lights need a circuit board to work?

What is a LED circuit board?

An LED circuit board is a platform used to power and control light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Essentially, it is the basis for connecting all the necessary electronic components (such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes) to ensure that the LED operates safely and efficiently.

Circuit boards used for LEDs are usually metal core printed circuit boards (MCPCBs) because they have excellent heat dissipation properties. This is important because although LEDs are highly efficient, they still generate heat. Without proper heat management, this can lead to poor performance or shortened life of the LED.

The design and manufacture of LED circuit boards involves many aspects, including the layout of the board, the soldering of components, and the design of the driver circuit. The driver circuit is the core part of the LED circuit board, which is responsible for converting the input AC power into DC power suitable for LED use, while providing stable current and voltage to ensure the normal operation and long life of the LED.

LED circuit boards are used in a wide range of applications, from small consumer electronics to industrial lighting and automotive headlights. They provide a simplified way to control and adjust LEDs while ensuring effective heat management.

How to make a LED light circuit board?

The process of making an LED light circuit board involves multiple steps, including soldering, self-testing, cleaning, grinding, and wiring.

1. Soldering:

Determine the direction of the light, the side with the black rectangle is the negative end. Determine the direction of the circuit board, the end with the inner and outer wiring ports is the upper left corner. Start from the upper left light and solder in sequence to ensure that each solder joint is full and clean, without cold solder joints or leaks.

2. Self-test:

After completing the soldering, check whether the solder joints have cold solder joints, leaks, etc. Use a multimeter to touch the positive and negative terminals of the circuit board to check whether the LED lights are on at the same time.

3. Cleaning:

Use 95% alcohol to scrub the circuit board to remove residues.

4. Rubbing:

Remove the LED light circuit board from the entire board, use fine sandpaper to grind off the burrs on the edges, and make the circuit board flat.

5. Wiring:

Use blue and black thin wires to connect the circuit board. The wiring point close to the inner circle is negative and connected to the black wire; the wiring point close to the outer circle is positive and connected to the red wire. Make sure the wire is connected from the back to the front.

6. Final self-check:

Check the wiring to ensure that each wire passes through the pad and the length of the wires on both sides of the pad left on the surface is as short as possible to ensure that the circuit board can work properly.

Each step is crucial, especially the welding and wiring parts, which need to be carefully operated to ensure the performance and safety of the circuit board.

How should an LED be connected in a circuit?

LEDs should be connected to the circuit through the correct wiring method to ensure their normal operation and extend their life. ‌

First of all, there are three main wiring methods for LEDs: two-end wiring, single-end wiring and staggered wiring.

Two-end wiring is a commonly used wiring method in the early days. It is characterized by convenient wiring and simple operation. It is suitable for the replacement of fluorescent tubes.

Single-ended wiring is a safer wiring method, in which one end of the LED tube is not wired, and the two pins on the other end are respectively wired to the constant current drive power supply. This wiring method ensures that if one end of the LED tube is connected to AC power, the other end will never be charged.

Staggered wiring is an innovative wiring method that is compatible with a variety of electronic ballasts and can work normally without a starter.

When connecting LEDs, you need to pay attention to the following points:

Correctly distinguish the positive and negative poles of the LED, which can usually be judged by observing the appearance, using a multimeter or battery. Connect the anode of the LED to the positive pole of the power supply and the cathode to the negative pole of the power supply to ensure that the LED works properly.

Use appropriate resistors to limit the current to protect the LED from damage by overcurrent. The resistance value should be calculated based on the power supply voltage, the rated voltage of the LED, and the required current.

Keep the LED dry, avoid moisture or static interference, and pay attention to the temperature to avoid excessively high temperatures that affect its life and performance.

For the power connection of LED light strings, two basic forms can be used: positive connection and negative connection. The positive and negative poles of each light string correspond to the positive and negative poles of the power supply. When a large number of LED lights are connected in series, it is more practical to adopt a series-parallel combination strategy, and the number of parallel groups is determined by calculating the rated current of the power supply. ‌

Do LED lights need special wiring?

LED lights do not require special wiring, but it is necessary to determine whether a grounding wire is required based on the specific situation of the lamp. ‌

LED lights are usually designed without special wiring because they can be directly connected to AC power, thanks to the built-in rectifier of LED lights.

When installing LED lights, it is important to understand the difference between the live wire and the neutral wire, because although LED lights themselves work under DC power, they usually have built-in rectifiers and can be directly connected to household AC power.

When replacing traditional fluorescent tubes, it is necessary to remove the original ballast and starter, and directly connect the live wire and the neutral wire to both ends of the LED tube.

Regarding the issue of grounding wires, most LED lights on the market are double-insulated designs, which means that their housing and structure have met safety requirements, so no grounding wire is required. However, for lamps with metal shells, grounding is necessary to prevent people from getting electric shock when touching the bare metal.

In addition, if the bulb has a grounding wire, it is better to connect it, which can better ensure safety. It should be noted that Class III lamps are not allowed to be grounded because they use safety extra low voltage (SELV) and should be isolated from high voltage using an isolation transformer, and should not be grounded.

In summary, although LED lamps do not require special wiring, you should pay attention to safe wiring methods during installation, and judge whether a grounding wire is required according to the specific situation of the lamp to ensure safety and prevent the risk of electric shock.

Where to put resistor in LED circuit board?

In the LED circuit, the resistor should be placed between the positive pole of the LED and the first LED, that is, in front of each string of lamp beads. ‌ This placement does not depend on the specific location of the resistor, because the resistor and the LED are in series, which means that whether the resistor is placed in front of, behind, in the middle of each string of lamp beads, or anywhere randomly, the effect is the same.

This is because the main function of the resistor is to control the current through the LED by consuming a certain voltage and current, ensuring that the LED operates at a normal operating current and avoiding damage to the LED due to excessive current.

It is worth noting that although the position of the resistor has little effect on the LED, in actual circuit design, considering the simplicity and safety of the circuit, the resistor is usually placed close to the positive pole of the power supply. This design can avoid too many connection points in the circuit, thereby simplifying the circuit structure.

Conclusion:

LED lights usually require circuit boards for optimal performance, especially in complex or high-power applications. LED circuit boards ensure proper heat dissipation and current regulation, which are key factors in ensuring the service life and efficiency of the lighting system. BEST Technology has accumulated rich manufacturing experience in the design of LED circuit boards, and various different LED light circuits can be designed to the top level.

Tags:LED, PCB, PCBA
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ | No Comments »

How to Calculate Current Carrying Capacity in PCB Vias?

Thursday, September 5th, 2024

What are vias in PCB design?

Via hole is one of the important components of multi-layer PCB, and the cost of drilling usually accounts for 30% to 40% of the PCB board cost. Simply put, every hole on the PCB can be called a pass hole. From the function point of view, the hole can be divided into two categories: one is used as an electrical connection between the layers. The second is used as the fixing or positioning of the device.

How to Calculate Current Carrying Capacity in PCB Vias?

From a manufacturing process perspective, vias can be divided into three types: blind vias, buried vias, and through vias:

Blind vias: These connect the surface layer to an internal layer, without going through the entire board. Their depth is typically related to the hole diameter.

Buried vias: Located inside the PCB, they don’t reach the surface.

Through vias: These pass through the entire board and are the most common due to their lower manufacturing cost and simpler process.

How to make PCB vias?

Typically, PCB vias are produced following the IPC-2 standard, where the copper thickness in the hole is around 0.8 mil to 1 mil. However, in practice, the copper plating might not be uniform, and the thinnest part could be as narrow as 0.7 mil, affecting the current-carrying capacity.

Generally, the conventional PCB board is produced according to IPC-2 standard, where the copper thickness in the hole is around 0.8 mil to 1 mil (you can check the specific content of the IPC-2 standard). The hole that we think is produced during production is this ideal situation (as shown below), the size of the hole is regular, and the thickness of the hole copper is very symmetrical:

However, in practice, the copper plating might not be uniform. As you can see, the copper plating thickness of the perforated wall of the PCB produced in general may be wide up and down, and narrow in the middle, so the narrowest limit may be 0.7mil. It can be imagined that if the current carrying situation is evaluated, it should be calculated according to the smallest and smallest cross-sectional area, but the smallest cross-sectional area is deviated from the actual design value. But actually, a good PCB manufacturer can help to save much time and money for you, you can see the via holes cross-sectional made by Best Technology and others.

What Is the Current Carrying Capacity of a Via?

The current-carrying capacity of a via refers to the maximum current it can safely handle. In PCB design, vias are essential components that connect traces between layers, and their size and shape directly impact how much current they can carry. Factors affecting current capacity include via diameter, number of vias, and placement.

The current carrying capacity of a via hole refers to the current that can be safely carried by the hole. In PCB design, the hole is a key component connecting the layers of printed wires. Their size and shape directly affect the ability of current to pass through. The current carrying capacity of the hole is not only related to the diameter of the hole, but also affected by the uneven current distribution. That is, when multiple holes are actually placed, the current distribution is not equal, which is related to the distribution, quantity and location of the hole. Therefore, evaluating the current carrying capacity of the holes requires consideration of a variety of factors, including the size and number of holes, and their layout on the board.

For instance, a 12 mil via can safely carry around 1.2A of current. However, increasing the via size (e.g., to 16 mil, 20 mil, or 24 mil) doesn’t necessarily yield a proportional increase in current capacity. A recommended via size for optimal current handling is 10-12 mil.

In some cases, the current carrying capacity of the through hole can be evaluated by DC simulation software, such as using tools such as Allegro’s IR Drop. These tools can help designers more accurately predict and optimize the performance of the board.

How to Calculate Current Carrying Capacity in PCB Via?

The current-carrying capacity of a via can be simplified by using a trace model calculation. The formula is:

I = 0.048 * T^0.44 * A^0.75

Where:

I is the maximum allowable current in amperes (A).

T is the maximum temperature rise in degrees Celsius.

A is the cross-sectional area of the via, measured in square mils.

For the cross-sectional area of the via: A = π * (D + Tk) * Tk

Where:

D is the via’s diameter.

Tk is the copper thickness, typically around 20 μm (0.8 mil) according to IPC-2 or IPC-3 standards.

In high-density interconnect (HDI) boards, due to manufacturing constraints, the copper thickness may be reduced to as low as 10 μm.

PCB Via Current Calculator Per IPC 2152

IPC-2152 replaces the 50-year-old IPC-2221B standard. IPC-2221B identifies in a series of diagrams the connection between the PCB’s temperature rise, the current in the track, and the cross-sectional area of the track without multilayer boards.

IPC-2152 outlines the relationship of thermal conductivity, through hole, board material, and thickness to current, trace cross section, copper weight, and temperature. It can also determine the exact values of external and internal traces. IPC-2152 is not only a real-time protection program, but it also helps PCB designers model safe and appropriate designs. The Best Technology Wire Width and current Capacity calculator is based on this standard. You can calculate the trace area and current capacity for a given temperature rise.

The figure below is the calculation chart of the cross-sectional area of the through-hole given by IPC 2152. The formula of the cross-sectional area of the through-hole wall in the above figure is transformed, where D is the empty outer diameter, D is the inner diameter of the hole, and (d-d)/2 is the thickness of the hole wall, also known as the through-hole copper thickness. Where D is the empty outer diameter, D is the inner diameter of the hole, and (d-d)/2 is the thickness of the hole wall, also known as the thickness of copper through the hole. The copper thickness through the hole is not determined, and the copper thickness of each PCB manufacturer may be different. If you want to pass a larger current through the hole, it may be better to punch several more through the hole.

Then you can get a new formula of calculating cross sectional area of hole wall:

A typical example is calculating the via size based on a 20°C temperature rise and a 1A current.

Given:

Copper thickness of 1 oz (1.38 mil)

Current carrying capacity of 1A

Maximum temperature rise of 20°C

From the IPC-2152 Conservative Chart, the cross-sectional area corresponding to these conditions is 28 mil². Using the equation for the via’s cross-sectional area, you can calculate the via’s diameter.

From the chart, the required cross-sectional area is 28 mil².

The copper thickness is 1.38 mil.

Solving for the via diameter, we get:

d = 7.28 mil (0.185 mm)

Thus, a via with an internal diameter of 0.185 mm will safely carry a 1A current with a 20°C temperature rise.

Best Technology’s Via Current Capacity Calculator

Best Technology offers a current capacity calculator for PCB vias to ensure that designs meet specific current-carrying needs. The tool allows designers to input their parameters, such as via diameter and copper thickness, and outputs the current-carrying capacity value. Clik below image to use or click here: via current capacity calculator

Tags:current carrying capacity, PCB via current calculator, PCB via current calculator per IPC 2152
Posted in best pcb, bestpcb, FAQ, FR4 PCB | No Comments »