{"id":38612,"date":"2026-11-07T14:58:17","date_gmt":"2026-11-07T06:58:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-11-07T15:00:57","modified_gmt":"2026-11-07T07:00:57","slug":"pcb-return-loss-s11-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB Return Loss Guide: Read S11 Correctly"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#What_Does_S11_Describe_on_a_PCB\" >What Does S11 Describe on a PCB?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Detailed_S11_and_Return-Loss_Parameters\" >Detailed S11 and Return-Loss Parameters<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Why_More_Negative_S11_Means_Less_Reflection\" >Why More Negative S11 Means Less Reflection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Return_Loss_vs_Insertion_Loss\" >Return Loss vs Insertion Loss<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#A_Worked_Power_Example_for_an_RF_Coupon\" >A Worked Power Example for an RF Coupon<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Judge_the_Whole_Required_Frequency_Band\" >Judge the Whole Required Frequency Band<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Keep_the_Reference_Impedance_Attached_to_the_Result\" >Keep the Reference Impedance Attached to the Result<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Know_Whether_the_Launches_Are_Inside_the_Measurement\" >Know Whether the Launches Are Inside the Measurement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Why_S11_and_S22_Can_Tell_Different_Stories\" >Why S11 and S22 Can Tell Different Stories<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Single-Ended_S11_Is_Not_Differential_Return_Loss\" >Single-Ended S11 Is Not Differential Return Loss<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Investigate_a_Poor_Result_Without_Guessing_the_Cause\" >Investigate a Poor Result Without Guessing the Cause<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#Report_a_Reflection_Requirement_Without_Sign_Ambiguity\" >Report a Reflection Requirement Without Sign Ambiguity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#FAQ\" >FAQ<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-return-loss-s11-guide\/#References_and_RF_Enquiries\" >References and RF Enquiries<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<div class=\"yzp-no-index\"><\/div><p>For an ordinary passive PCB interconnect, S11 displayed as log magnitude is usually negative, while return loss is conventionally reported as the corresponding positive number. S11 of \u221220 dB means 20 dB return loss and 1% reflected power at that frequency and reference plane. It does not mean 20 dB of forward signal loss.<\/p>\n<p>This guide follows a hypothetical RF coupon between two coaxial launches. An engineer receives a plot and needs to determine whether it meets a specified reflection limit. The task is to read the quantity, sign, frequency range, and measurement boundary correctly\u2014not to judge a PCB from one attractive marker value.<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/rf-through-coupon.jpg\" alt=\"Illustrative RF PCB coupon with opposing coaxial edge launches\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto;\"><figcaption>AI-generated physical-product illustration. No measured impedance or RF performance is represented.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Does_S11_Describe_on_a_PCB\"><\/span>What Does S11 Describe on a PCB?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>S11 describes the reflected wave at port 1 relative to the incident wave at port 1 under the defined network conditions. It is a complex quantity, carrying magnitude and phase. The familiar negative-dB curve shows a transformation of its magnitude, not the complete complex result.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/helpfiles.keysight.com\/csg\/m9485a\/s1_settings\/measurement_parameters.htm\">Keysight&#8217;s measurement-parameter documentation<\/a> distinguishes reflection parameters S11 and S22 from transmission parameters S21 and S12. The port labels matter: a curve cannot be interpreted reliably without knowing where excitation and measurement occur and how the other ports are terminated.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Detailed_S11_and_Return-Loss_Parameters\"><\/span>Detailed S11 and Return-Loss Parameters<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Write down the parameter definition before comparing a plot with a requirement. For equal real reference impedances in the usual passive interconnect context, use the following relationships. Here \u0393 denotes the input reflection coefficient and log means base 10.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S11 log magnitude: <strong>20 log(|\u0393|)<\/strong>, in dB.<\/li>\n<li>Return loss: <strong>\u221220 log(|\u0393|)<\/strong>, in dB.<\/li>\n<li>Reflected power fraction: <strong>|\u0393|\u00b2 = 10<sup>\u2212RL\/10<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Record the reference impedance, frequency, calibration plane and termination conditions with every result.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>S11 (dB)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>RL (dB)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>|\u0393|<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Power back<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u22126 dB<\/td>\n<td>6 dB<\/td>\n<td>0.5012<\/td>\n<td>25.12%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u221210 dB<\/td>\n<td>10 dB<\/td>\n<td>0.3162<\/td>\n<td>10%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u221220 dB<\/td>\n<td>20 dB<\/td>\n<td>0.1000<\/td>\n<td>1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u221230 dB<\/td>\n<td>30 dB<\/td>\n<td>0.03162<\/td>\n<td>0.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p>These are calculated conversions, not PCB acceptance limits or measured results. The <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.teledynelecroy.com\/2020\/04\/six-ways-not-to-be-confused-by-s.html\">Teledyne LeCroy explanation of S-parameter terminology<\/a> discusses the sign convention and the distinction between reflection and transmission.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_More_Negative_S11_Means_Less_Reflection\"><\/span>Why More Negative S11 Means Less Reflection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A smaller reflected-to-incident wave ratio has a more negative logarithm. Therefore \u221230 dB S11 indicates less reflected power than \u221210 dB S11 at the same measurement conditions. Under the positive return-loss convention, the same comparison becomes 30 dB versus 10 dB.<\/p>\n<p>Avoid saying only \u201clower return loss is better\u201d or \u201chigher S11 is better.\u201d Name the plotted quantity. For our coupon, a specification of RL \u226520 dB corresponds to S11 log magnitude \u2264\u221220 dB. These are the same reflection requirement written in two conventions, not competing performance targets.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Return_Loss_vs_Insertion_Loss\"><\/span>Return Loss vs Insertion Loss<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Return loss concerns reflected signal; insertion loss concerns reduction in forward transmission under the stated reference conditions. Their desirable directions differ. A positive return-loss value should usually be large, while a positive insertion-loss value should usually be small for a transparent interconnect.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Quantity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Usual passive log-magnitude view<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>What a transparent path aims for<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>S11<\/td>\n<td>Negative dB reflection trace<\/td>\n<td>Small reflection magnitude<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Return loss<\/td>\n<td>Positive counterpart of S11 log magnitude<\/td>\n<td>Larger positive value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>S21<\/td>\n<td>Forward transmission, often negative dB<\/td>\n<td>Near 0 dB within the intended band<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Insertion loss<\/td>\n<td>Positive loss derived under stated conditions<\/td>\n<td>Smaller positive value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p>For the broader forward-loss question, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/10\/rf-insertion-loss\/\">RF PCB insertion-loss guide<\/a>. Do not substitute that quantity for the reflection criterion.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Worked_Power_Example_for_an_RF_Coupon\"><\/span>A Worked Power Example for an RF Coupon<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Suppose a hypothetical passive two-port coupon has S11 = \u221220 dB and S21 = \u22123 dB at one frequency, with equal real reference impedances and a matched output. The calculated reflected fraction is 10<sup>\u221220\/10<\/sup> = 0.01, or 1%. The forward transmitted fraction is 10<sup>\u22123\/10<\/sup> \u22480.5012, or 50.12%.<\/p>\n<p>About 48.88% remains outside those reflected and transmitted terms in this example. Do not automatically call all of it dielectric heating: losses, radiation, unmodelled paths and measurement limitations need consideration. The lesson is that little reflection does not guarantee nearly complete forward transmission. This is a teaching calculation, not a test report.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judge_the_Whole_Required_Frequency_Band\"><\/span>Judge the Whole Required Frequency Band<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A reflection limit applies over the specified band unless the requirement says otherwise. One deep S11 minimum can coexist with poor matching elsewhere. A marker placed at the best point cannot demonstrate compliance across an operating range.<\/p>\n<p>For the coupon, record the band endpoints and the worst result within that interval. Under the positive return-loss convention, the weakest point is the smallest RL. Under the negative S11 log-magnitude convention, it is the point closest to 0 dB. Check the same band when comparing two revisions or suppliers.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Keep_the_Reference_Impedance_Attached_to_the_Result\"><\/span>Keep the Reference Impedance Attached to the Result<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>S11 is referenced to a defined port impedance. A result normalized to one reference cannot be compared casually with a different reference. The relevant value should come from the measurement setup, model, or supplied network data rather than an assumption based on connector appearance.<\/p>\n<p>A nominally 50-ohm test system does not prove that every part of the physical coupon is 50 ohms. It defines a reference for evaluating the structure. If data are renormalized, record that transformation and its basis. Do not describe a changed reference as a physical improvement to the board.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Know_Whether_the_Launches_Are_Inside_the_Measurement\"><\/span>Know Whether the Launches Are Inside the Measurement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The calibration and de-embedding boundary determines which structures the reported network includes. A measurement can contain cable adapters, connectors, launches and PCB traces, or represent a narrower region after an appropriate correction.<\/p>\n<p>In our example, decide whether the requirement applies to the entire connectorized coupon or the trace region alone. Do not blame laminate properties from a launch-inclusive reflection result without further evidence. The related <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/2026\/11\/pcb-fixture-de-embedding\/\">PCB fixture de-embedding guide<\/a> explains the separate boundary question. A correction must be validated; it is not merely a cosmetic plot adjustment.<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bestpcbs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/rf-calibration-bench.jpg\" alt=\"Illustrative RF coupon, coaxial cable and calibration accessories on a lab bench\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto;\"><figcaption>AI-generated laboratory illustration, not an actual calibration or measurement record.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_S11_and_S22_Can_Tell_Different_Stories\"><\/span>Why S11 and S22 Can Tell Different Stories<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>S11 looks into port 1; S22 looks into port 2. A structure with different launches or asymmetric discontinuities can present different reflection behavior from its two ends. Label the physical ports clearly before comparing curves.<\/p>\n<p>Do not assume that similar forward and reverse transmission establishes identical input and output matching. In the controller&#8217;s RF path, the installed orientation can make the relevant end especially important. Record both reflection parameters when the test plan requires them and use the specified termination conditions rather than an undocumented open connector.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Single-Ended_S11_Is_Not_Differential_Return_Loss\"><\/span>Single-Ended S11 Is Not Differential Return Loss<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A differential interconnect needs the appropriate mixed-mode parameter and port definition. An individual single-ended S11 trace does not by itself describe the differential pair&#8217;s reflection behavior. Confirm the pairing, polarity and normalization used in the model or measurement.<\/p>\n<p>Do not relabel a single-ended curve as SDD11 to match a requirement. Request the correct data or a documented conversion from a complete suitable multiport dataset. Keep the scope of this guide clear: the earlier numeric example is an ordinary single-ended two-port example, not a differential-channel qualification.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Investigate_a_Poor_Result_Without_Guessing_the_Cause\"><\/span>Investigate a Poor Result Without Guessing the Cause<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Check the measurement configuration and repeatability before assigning a PCB defect. Verify connections, calibration applicability, port labels, data format, band and reference plane. Then compare the structure with its released design and any validated model.<\/p>\n<p>A reflection feature can be associated with launches, geometry changes, vias, termination or other discontinuities. The S11 magnitude alone does not uniquely identify which one is responsible. Use additional evidence\u2014such as a controlled comparison or an appropriate time-domain analysis\u2014rather than announcing a root cause from the curve&#8217;s shape.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Report_a_Reflection_Requirement_Without_Sign_Ambiguity\"><\/span>Report a Reflection Requirement Without Sign Ambiguity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A useful report names the quantity, inequality, band, reference impedance and measurement boundary. For example: \u201cCalculated teaching requirement: return loss \u226520 dB across the stated band; equivalent S11 log magnitude \u2264\u221220 dB.\u201d Replace the example threshold with the actual approved requirement.<\/p>\n<p>Include the dataset, setup notes and relevant uncertainty or validation limitations. For our coupon, release requires the agreed evidence across the band, not a universal \u201cgood S11\u201d number. Keep forward transmission and other channel requirements in their own acceptance checks so one passing metric cannot conceal another failing one.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQ\"><\/span>FAQ<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3>Is \u221210 dB S11 better or worse than \u221220 dB?<\/h3>\n<p>For the ordinary passive reflection comparison at the same frequency and conditions, \u221220 dB indicates less reflection. It corresponds to 1% reflected power, versus 10% at \u221210 dB. Whether either result is acceptable depends on the actual requirement and operating band. Do not turn these conversion examples into universal PCB pass limits.<\/p>\n<h3>Why does a report call a negative trace return loss?<\/h3>\n<p>People sometimes use return loss informally to refer to an S11 log-magnitude plot. Read the axis, instrument format and stated formula before applying an inequality. If the report is ambiguous, ask the author to name the quantity explicitly. Changing a label without clarifying its definition can reverse an acceptance decision.<\/p>\n<h3>Does a 20 dB return loss mean 99% reaches the output?<\/h3>\n<p>No. It means 1% is reflected under the stated conditions. The remaining power is not necessarily all delivered through the intended output; dissipation, radiation or other paths may matter. Check the relevant transmission measurement separately. A well-matched attenuating structure is a useful reminder that input matching and forward transmission are different properties.<\/p>\n<h3>Can I add return-loss dB values along a channel?<\/h3>\n<p>Not as a general channel calculation. Reflections interact with phase and multiple discontinuities, so scalar return-loss numbers do not preserve enough information to predict the cascade. Use suitable complete network data and a validated connection model. Keep reference impedances, port orientation and measurement boundaries consistent when evaluating the combined structure.<\/p>\n<h3>Is dB the same as dBm on an RF plot?<\/h3>\n<p>No. A ratio expressed in dB is not an absolute power level in dBm. S11 log magnitude describes a wave ratio, while a receiver power readout can be an absolute quantity. Check the selected measurement and units before converting numbers or comparing them with a reflection specification. Similar-looking axes can represent different physical questions.<\/p>\n<h3>What if S11 appears above 0 dB?<\/h3>\n<p>First establish the device and measurement context. An active network is not covered by the simple passive assumptions used here. For an expected passive interconnect, examine calibration, processing, reference definitions and uncertainty before drawing conclusions. Do not merely flip the sign or delete inconvenient points to make the curve resemble a typical passive result.<\/p>\n<h3>Does a Smith chart contradict the negative-dB trace?<\/h3>\n<p>Not necessarily. A Smith chart displays complex reflection information in a different representation. A log-magnitude plot discards phase and shows only a magnitude transformation. Verify that both use the same frequency, port, reference impedance and dataset before comparing them. One view may reveal information that the other deliberately does not display.<\/p>\n<h3>What should a supplier send with a return-loss plot?<\/h3>\n<p>Request the measured structure identity and revision, port map, frequency range, reference impedance, calibration or de-embedding boundary, and the underlying data where available. Ask how the reported quantity and limit are defined. This makes the plot reviewable and prevents confusion between a connectorized coupon, a corrected trace model and a complete installed channel.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References_and_RF_Enquiries\"><\/span>References and RF Enquiries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The linked Keysight and Teledyne LeCroy documentation supports the parameter definitions and sign conventions; the numerical examples are calculated and explicitly hypothetical. For a Best Technology RF PCB enquiry, send the stackup, geometry and measurement requirement to <a href=\"mailto:sales@bestpcbs.com\">sales@bestpcbs.com<\/a>. Specific fabrication and verification scope require confirmation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Read PCB return loss without sign errors. Convert S11 dB to reflected power, distinguish S21 loss, and check the frequency band and measurement plane.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32827,"featured_media":38610,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[9205,9207,9206,8099],"class_list":["post-38612","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bestpcb","tag-pcb-return-loss","tag-rf-measurement","tag-s11","tag-signal-integrity"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Read PCB return loss without sign errors. 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